trunk/src/file.c

/*
 *  Copyright (C) 2003-2006  Anders Gavare.  All rights reserved.
 *
 *  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 *  modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 *
 *  1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *  2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright  
 *     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 
 *     documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *  3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
 *     derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
 *
 *  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 *  ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 *  IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 *  ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE   
 *  FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 *  DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 *  OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 *  HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 *  LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 *  OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 *  SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 *
 *  $Id: file.c,v 1.134 2006/08/12 11:43:12 debug Exp $
 *
 *  This file contains functions which load executable images into (emulated)
 *  memory. File formats recognized so far are:
 *
 *      a.out           old format used by OpenBSD 2.x pmax kernels
 *      Mach-O          MacOS X format, etc.
 *      ecoff           old format used by Ultrix, Windows NT, etc
 *      srec            Motorola SREC format
 *      raw             raw binaries, "address:[skiplen:[entrypoint:]]filename"
 *      ELF             32-bit and 64-bit ELFs
 *
 *  If a file is not of one of the above mentioned formats, it is assumed
 *  to be symbol data generated by 'nm' or 'nm -S'.
 */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>

#include "cpu.h"
#include "exec_aout.h"
#include "exec_ecoff.h"
#include "exec_elf.h"
#include "machine.h"
#include "memory.h"
#include "misc.h"
#include "symbol.h"


extern int quiet_mode;
extern int verbose;


/*  ELF machine types as strings: (same as exec_elf.h)  */
#define N_ELF_MACHINE_TYPES     84
static char *elf_machine_type[N_ELF_MACHINE_TYPES] = {
        "NONE", "M32", "SPARC", "386",                          /*  0..3  */
        "68K", "88K", "486", "860",                             /*  4..7  */
        "MIPS", "S370", "MIPS_RS3_LE", "RS6000",                /*  8..11  */
        "unknown12", "unknown13", "unknown14", "PARISC",        /*  12..15  */
        "NCUBE", "VPP500", "SPARC32PLUS", "960",                /*  16..19  */
        "PPC", "PPC64", "unknown22", "unknown23",               /*  20..23  */
        "unknown24", "unknown25", "unknown26", "unknown27",     /*  24..27  */
        "unknown28", "unknown29", "unknown30", "unknown31",     /*  28..31  */
        "unknown32", "unknown33", "unknown34", "unknown35",     /*  32..35  */
        "V800", "FR20", "RH32", "RCE",                          /*  36..39  */
        "ARM", "ALPHA", "SH", "SPARCV9",                        /*  40..43  */
        "TRICORE", "ARC", "H8_300", "H8_300H",                  /*  44..47  */
        "H8S", "H8_500", "IA_64", "MIPS_X",                     /*  48..51  */
        "COLDFIRE", "68HC12", "unknown54", "unknown55",         /*  52..55  */
        "unknown56", "unknown57", "unknown58", "unknown59",     /*  56..59  */
        "unknown60", "unknown61", "AMD64", "unknown63",         /*  60..63  */
        "unknown64", "unknown65", "unknown66", "unknown67",     /*  64..67  */
        "unknown68", "unknown69", "unknown70", "unknown71",     /*  68..71  */
        "unknown72", "unknown73", "unknown74", "unknown75",     /*  72..75  */
        "unknown76", "unknown77", "unknown78", "unknown79",     /*  76..79  */
        "unknown80", "unknown81", "unknown82", "AVR"            /*  80..83  */
};


/*
 *  This should be increased by every routine here that actually loads an
 *  executable file into memory.  (For example, loading a symbol file should
 *  NOT increase this.)
 */
static int n_executables_loaded = 0;


struct aout_symbol {
        uint32_t        strindex;
        uint32_t        type;
        uint32_t        addr;
};

/*  Special symbol format used by Microsoft-ish COFF files:  */
struct ms_sym {
        unsigned char   name[8];
        unsigned char   value[4];
        unsigned char   section[2];
        unsigned char   type[2];
        unsigned char   storage_class;
        unsigned char   n_aux_syms;
};


#define unencode(var,dataptr,typ)       {                               \
                int Wi;  unsigned char Wb;                              \
                unsigned char *Wp = (unsigned char *) dataptr;          \
                int Wlen = sizeof(typ);                                 \
                var = 0;                                                \
                for (Wi=0; Wi<Wlen; Wi++) {                             \
                        if (encoding == ELFDATA2LSB)                    \
                                Wb = Wp[Wlen-1 - Wi];                   \
                        else                                            \
                                Wb = Wp[Wi];                            \
                        if (Wi == 0 && (Wb & 0x80)) {                   \
                                var --; /*  set var to -1 :-)  */       \
                                var <<= 8;                              \
                        }                                               \
                        var |= Wb;                                      \
                        if (Wi < Wlen-1)                                \
                                var <<= 8;                              \
                }                                                       \
        }


#define AOUT_FLAG_DECOSF1               1
#define AOUT_FLAG_FROM_BEGINNING        2
#define AOUT_FLAG_VADDR_ZERO_HACK       4
#define AOUT_FLAG_NO_SIZES              8
/*
 *  file_load_aout():
 *
 *  Loads an a.out binary image into the emulated memory.  The entry point
 *  (read from the a.out header) is stored in the specified CPU's registers.
 *
 *  TODO:  This has to be rewritten / corrected to support multiple a.out
 *         formats, where text/data are aligned differently.
 */
static void file_load_aout(struct machine *m, struct memory *mem,
        char *filename, int flags,
        uint64_t *entrypointp, int arch, int *byte_orderp)
{
        struct exec aout_header;
        FILE *f;
        int len;
        int encoding = ELFDATA2LSB;
        uint32_t entry, datasize, textsize;
        int32_t symbsize = 0;
        uint32_t vaddr, total_len;
        unsigned char buf[65536];
        unsigned char *syms;

        if (m->cpus[0]->byte_order == EMUL_BIG_ENDIAN)
                encoding = ELFDATA2MSB;

        f = fopen(filename, "r");
        if (f == NULL) {
                perror(filename);
                exit(1);
        }

        if (flags & AOUT_FLAG_DECOSF1) {
                fread(&buf, 1, 32, f);
                vaddr = buf[16] + (buf[17] << 8) +
                    (buf[18] << 16) + ((uint64_t)buf[19] << 24);
                entry = buf[20] + (buf[21] << 8) +
                    (buf[22] << 16) + ((uint64_t)buf[23] << 24);
                debug("OSF1 a.out, load address 0x%08lx, "
                    "entry point 0x%08x\n", (long)vaddr, (long)entry);
                symbsize = 0;
                fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);
                /*  This is of course wrong, but should work anyway:  */
                textsize = ftello(f) - 512;
                datasize = 0;
                fseek(f, 512, SEEK_SET);
        } else if (flags & AOUT_FLAG_NO_SIZES) {
                fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);
                textsize = ftello(f) - 32;
                datasize = 0;
                vaddr = entry = 0;
                fseek(f, 32, SEEK_SET);
        } else {
                len = fread(&aout_header, 1, sizeof(aout_header), f);
                if (len != sizeof(aout_header)) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "%s: not a complete a.out image\n",
                            filename);
                        exit(1);
                }

                unencode(entry, &aout_header.a_entry, uint32_t);
                debug("a.out, entry point 0x%08lx\n", (long)entry);
                vaddr = entry;

                if (flags & AOUT_FLAG_VADDR_ZERO_HACK)
                        vaddr = 0;

                unencode(textsize, &aout_header.a_text, uint32_t);
                unencode(datasize, &aout_header.a_data, uint32_t);
                debug("text + data = %i + %i bytes\n", textsize, datasize);

                unencode(symbsize, &aout_header.a_syms, uint32_t);
        }

        if (flags & AOUT_FLAG_FROM_BEGINNING) {
                fseek(f, 0, SEEK_SET);
                vaddr &= ~0xfff;
        }

        /*  Load text and data:  */
        total_len = textsize + datasize;
        while (total_len != 0) {
                len = total_len > sizeof(buf) ? sizeof(buf) : total_len;
                len = fread(buf, 1, len, f);

                /*  printf("fread len=%i vaddr=%x buf[0..]=%02x %02x %02x\n",
                    (int)len, (int)vaddr, buf[0], buf[1], buf[2]);  */

                if (len > 0) {
                        int len2 = 0;
                        uint64_t vaddr1 = vaddr &
                            ((1 << BITS_PER_MEMBLOCK) - 1);
                        uint64_t vaddr2 = (vaddr +
                            len) & ((1 << BITS_PER_MEMBLOCK) - 1);
                        if (vaddr2 < vaddr1) {
                                len2 = len - vaddr2;
                                m->cpus[0]->memory_rw(m->cpus[0], mem, vaddr,
                                    &buf[0], len2, MEM_WRITE, NO_EXCEPTIONS);
                        }
                        m->cpus[0]->memory_rw(m->cpus[0], mem, vaddr + len2,
                            &buf[len2], len-len2, MEM_WRITE, NO_EXCEPTIONS);
                } else {
                        if (flags & AOUT_FLAG_DECOSF1)
                                break;
                        else {
                                fprintf(stderr, "could not read from %s\n",
                                    filename);
                                exit(1);
                        }
                }

                vaddr += len;
                total_len -= len;
        }

        if (symbsize != 0) {
                struct aout_symbol *aout_symbol_ptr;
                int i, n_symbols;
                uint32_t type, addr, str_index;
                uint32_t strings_len;
                char *string_symbols;
                off_t oldpos;

                debug("symbols: %i bytes @ 0x%x\n", symbsize, (int)ftello(f));
                syms = malloc(symbsize);
                if (syms == NULL) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
                        exit(1);
                }
                len = fread(syms, 1, symbsize, f);
                if (len != symbsize) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "error reading symbols from %s\n",
                            filename);
                        exit(1);
                }

                oldpos = ftello(f);
                fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);
                strings_len = ftello(f) - oldpos;
                fseek(f, oldpos, SEEK_SET);
                debug("strings: %i bytes @ 0x%x\n", strings_len,(int)ftello(f));
                string_symbols = malloc(strings_len);
                if (string_symbols == NULL) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
                        exit(1);
                }
                fread(string_symbols, 1, strings_len, f);

                aout_symbol_ptr = (struct aout_symbol *) syms;
                n_symbols = symbsize / sizeof(struct aout_symbol);
                i = 0;
                while (i < n_symbols) {
                        unencode(str_index, &aout_symbol_ptr[i].strindex,
                            uint32_t);
                        unencode(type, &aout_symbol_ptr[i].type, uint32_t);
                        unencode(addr, &aout_symbol_ptr[i].addr, uint32_t);

                        /*  debug("symbol type 0x%04x @ 0x%08x: %s\n",
                            type, addr, string_symbols + str_index);  */

                        if (type != 0 && addr != 0)
                                add_symbol_name(&m->symbol_context,
                                    addr, 0, string_symbols + str_index, 0, -1);
                        i++;
                }

                free(string_symbols);
                free(syms);
        }

        fclose(f);

        *entrypointp = (int32_t)entry;

        if (encoding == ELFDATA2LSB)
                *byte_orderp = EMUL_LITTLE_ENDIAN;
        else
                *byte_orderp = EMUL_BIG_ENDIAN;

        n_executables_loaded ++;
}


/*
 *  file_load_macho():
 *
 *  Loads a Mach-O binary image into the emulated memory. The entry point
 *  is stored in the specified CPU's registers.
 *
 *  TODO:
 *
 *      o)  Almost everything.
 *
 *      o)  I haven't had time to look into whether Apple's open source
 *          license is BSD-compatible or not. Perhaps it would be possible
 *          to use a header file containing symbolic names, and not use
 *          hardcoded values.
 */
static void file_load_macho(struct machine *m, struct memory *mem,
        char *filename, uint64_t *entrypointp, int arch, int *byte_orderp,
        int is_64bit, int is_reversed)
{
        FILE *f;
        uint64_t entry = 0;
        int entry_set = 0;
        int encoding = ELFDATA2MSB;
        unsigned char buf[65536];
        char *symbols, *strings;
        uint32_t cputype, cpusubtype, filetype, ncmds, sizeofcmds, flags;
        uint64_t vmaddr, vmsize, fileoff, filesize;
        int cmd_type, cmd_len, i, flavor;
        int32_t symoff, nsyms, stroff, strsize;
        size_t len, pos;

        if (m->cpus[0]->byte_order == EMUL_BIG_ENDIAN)
                encoding = ELFDATA2MSB;

        f = fopen(filename, "r");
        if (f == NULL) {
                perror(filename);
                exit(1);
        }

        if (is_64bit) {
                fatal("TODO: 64-bit Mach-O. Not supported yet.\n");
                exit(1);
        }
        if (is_reversed) {
                fatal("TODO: Reversed-endianness. Not supported yet.\n");
                exit(1);
        }

        len = fread(buf, 1, sizeof(buf), f);
        if (len < 100) {
                fatal("Bad Mach-O file?\n");
                exit(1);
        }

        unencode(cputype,    &buf[4], uint32_t);
        unencode(cpusubtype, &buf[8], uint32_t);
        unencode(filetype,   &buf[12], uint32_t);
        unencode(ncmds,      &buf[16], uint32_t);
        unencode(sizeofcmds, &buf[20], uint32_t);
        unencode(flags,      &buf[24], uint32_t);

        /*  debug("cputype=0x%x cpusubtype=0x%x filetype=0x%x\n",
            cputype, cpusubtype, filetype);
            debug("ncmds=%i sizeofcmds=0x%08x flags=0x%08x\n",
            ncmds, sizeofcmds, flags);  */

        /*
         *  Compare to "normal" values.
         *  NOTE/TODO: These were for a Darwin (Macintosh PPC) kernel.
         */
        if (cputype != 0x12) {
                fatal("Error: Unimplemented cputype 0x%x\n", cputype);
                exit(1);
        }
        if (cpusubtype != 0) {
                fatal("Error: Unimplemented cpusubtype 0x%x\n", cpusubtype);
                exit(1);
        }
        /*  Filetype 2 means an executable image.  */
        if (filetype != 2) {
                fatal("Error: Unimplemented filetype 0x%x\n", filetype);
                exit(1);
        }
        if (!(flags & 1)) {
                fatal("Error: File has 'undefined references'. Cannot"
                    " be executed.\n", flags);
                exit(1);
        }

        /*  I've only encountered flags == 1 so far.  */
        if (flags != 1) {
                fatal("Error: Unimplemented flags 0x%x\n", flags);
                exit(1);
        }

        /*
         *  Read all load commands:
         */
        pos = is_64bit? 32 : 28;
        cmd_type = 0;
        do {
                /*  Read command type and length:  */
                unencode(cmd_type, &buf[pos], uint32_t);
                unencode(cmd_len,  &buf[pos+4], uint32_t);

#if 0
                debug("cmd %i, len=%i\n", cmd_type, cmd_len);
                for (i=8; i<cmd_len; i++) {
                        unsigned char ch = buf[pos+i];
                        if (ch >= ' ' && ch < 127)
                                debug("%c", ch);
                        else
                                debug(".");
                }
#endif
                switch (cmd_type) {
                case 1: /*  LC_SEGMENT  */
                        debug("seg ");
                        for (i=0; i<16; i++) {
                                if (buf[pos + 8 + i] == 0)
                                        break;
                                debug("%c", buf[pos + 8 + i]);
                        }
                        unencode(vmaddr,   &buf[pos+8+16+0], uint32_t);
                        unencode(vmsize,   &buf[pos+8+16+4], uint32_t);
                        unencode(fileoff,  &buf[pos+8+16+8], uint32_t);
                        unencode(filesize, &buf[pos+8+16+12], uint32_t);
                        debug(": vmaddr=0x%x size=0x%x fileoff=0x%x",
                            (int)vmaddr, (int)vmsize, (int)fileoff);

                        if (filesize == 0) {
                                debug("\n");
                                break;
                        }

                        fseek(f, fileoff, SEEK_SET);

                        /*  Load data from the file:  */
                        while (filesize != 0) {
                                unsigned char buf[32768];
                                ssize_t len = filesize > sizeof(buf) ?
                                    sizeof(buf) : filesize;
                                len = fread(buf, 1, len, f);

                                /*  printf("fread len=%i vmaddr=%x buf[0..]="
                                    "%02x %02x %02x\n", (int)len, (int)vmaddr,
                                    buf[0], buf[1], buf[2]);  */

                                if (len > 0) {
                                        int len2 = 0;
                                        uint64_t vaddr1 = vmaddr &
                                            ((1 << BITS_PER_MEMBLOCK) - 1);
                                        uint64_t vaddr2 = (vmaddr +
                                            len) & ((1 << BITS_PER_MEMBLOCK)-1);
                                        if (vaddr2 < vaddr1) {
                                                len2 = len - vaddr2;
                                                m->cpus[0]->memory_rw(m->cpus[
                                                    0], mem, vmaddr, &buf[0],
                                                    len2, MEM_WRITE,
                                                    NO_EXCEPTIONS);
                                        }
                                        m->cpus[0]->memory_rw(m->cpus[0], mem,
                                            vmaddr + len2, &buf[len2], len-len2,
                                            MEM_WRITE, NO_EXCEPTIONS);
                                } else {
                                        fprintf(stderr, "error reading\n");
                                        exit(1);
                                }

                                vmaddr += len;
                                filesize -= len;
                        }

                        debug("\n");
                        break;

                case 2: /*  LC_SYMTAB  */
                        unencode(symoff,  &buf[pos+8], uint32_t);
                        unencode(nsyms,   &buf[pos+12], uint32_t);
                        unencode(stroff,  &buf[pos+16], uint32_t);
                        unencode(strsize, &buf[pos+20], uint32_t);
                        debug("symtable: %i symbols @ 0x%x (strings at "
                            "0x%x)\n", nsyms, symoff, stroff);

                        symbols = malloc(12 * nsyms);
                        if (symbols == NULL) {
                                fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
                                exit(1);
                        }
                        fseek(f, symoff, SEEK_SET);
                        fread(symbols, 1, 12 * nsyms, f);

                        strings = malloc(strsize);
                        if (strings == NULL) {
                                fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
                                exit(1);
                        }
                        fseek(f, stroff, SEEK_SET);
                        fread(strings, 1, strsize, f);

                        for (i=0; i<nsyms; i++) {
                                int n_strx, n_type, n_sect, n_desc;
                                uint32_t n_value;
                                unencode(n_strx,  &symbols[i*12+0], int32_t);
                                unencode(n_type,  &symbols[i*12+4], uint8_t);
                                unencode(n_sect,  &symbols[i*12+5], uint8_t);
                                unencode(n_desc,  &symbols[i*12+6], int16_t);
                                unencode(n_value, &symbols[i*12+8], uint32_t);
                                /*  debug("%i: strx=%i type=%i sect=%i desc=%i"
                                    " value=0x%x\n", i, n_strx, n_type,
                                    n_sect, n_desc, n_value);  */
                                add_symbol_name(&m->symbol_context,
                                    n_value, 0, strings + n_strx, 0, -1);
                        }

                        free(symbols);
                        free(strings);
                        break;

                case 5: debug("unix thread context: ");
                        /*  See http://cvs.sf.net/viewcvs.py/hte/
                            HT%20Editor/machostruc.h or similar for details
                            on the thread struct.  */
                        unencode(flavor, &buf[pos+8], uint32_t);
                        if (flavor != 1) {
                                fatal("unimplemented flavor %i\n", flavor);
                                exit(1);
                        }

                        if (arch != ARCH_PPC) {
                                fatal("non-PPC arch? TODO\n");
                                exit(1);
                        }

                        unencode(entry, &buf[pos+16], uint32_t);
                        entry_set = 1;
                        debug("pc=0x%x\n", (int)entry);

                        for (i=1; i<40; i++) {
                                uint32_t x;
                                unencode(x, &buf[pos+16+i*4], uint32_t);
                                if (x != 0) {
                                        fatal("Entry nr %i in the Mach-O"
                                            " thread struct is non-zero"
                                            " (0x%x). This is not supported"
                                            " yet. TODO\n", i, x);
                                        exit(1);
                                }
                        }
                        break;

                default:fatal("WARNING! Unimplemented load command %i!\n",
                            cmd_type);
                }

                pos += cmd_len;
        } while (pos < sizeofcmds && cmd_type != 0);

        fclose(f);

        if (!entry_set) {
                fatal("No entry point? Aborting.\n");
                exit(1);
        }

        *entrypointp = entry;

        if (encoding == ELFDATA2LSB)
                *byte_orderp = EMUL_LITTLE_ENDIAN;
        else
                *byte_orderp = EMUL_BIG_ENDIAN;

        n_executables_loaded ++;
}


/*
 *  file_load_ecoff():
 *
 *  Loads an ecoff binary image into the emulated memory.  The entry point
 *  (read from the ecoff header) is stored in the specified CPU's registers.
 */
static void file_load_ecoff(struct machine *m, struct memory *mem,
        char *filename, uint64_t *entrypointp,
        int arch, uint64_t *gpp, int *byte_orderp)
{
        struct ecoff_exechdr exechdr;
        int f_magic, f_nscns, f_nsyms;
        int a_magic;
        off_t f_symptr, a_tsize, a_dsize, a_bsize;
        uint64_t a_entry, a_tstart, a_dstart, a_bstart, a_gp, end_addr=0;
        char *format_name;
        struct ecoff_scnhdr scnhdr;
        FILE *f;
        int len, secn, total_len, chunk_size;
        int encoding = ELFDATA2LSB;     /*  Assume little-endian. See below  */
        int program_byte_order = -1;
        unsigned char buf[8192];

        f = fopen(filename, "r");
        if (f == NULL) {
                perror(filename);
                exit(1);
        }

        len = fread(&exechdr, 1, sizeof(exechdr), f);
        if (len != sizeof(exechdr)) {
                fprintf(stderr, " not a complete ecoff image\n");
                exit(1);
        }

        /*
         *  The following code looks a bit ugly, but it should work. The ECOFF
         *  16-bit magic value seems to be stored in MSB byte order for
         *  big-endian binaries, and LSB byte order for little-endian binaries.
         *
         *  The unencode() assumes little-endianness by default.
         */
        unencode(f_magic, &exechdr.f.f_magic, uint16_t);
        switch (f_magic) {
        case ((ECOFF_MAGIC_MIPSEB & 0xff) << 8) +
            ((ECOFF_MAGIC_MIPSEB >> 8) & 0xff):
                format_name = "MIPS1 BE";
                encoding = ELFDATA2MSB;
                break;
        case ECOFF_MAGIC_MIPSEB:
                /*  NOTE: Big-endian header, little-endian code!  */
                format_name = "MIPS1 BE-LE";
                encoding = ELFDATA2MSB;
                program_byte_order = ELFDATA2LSB;
                break;
        case ECOFF_MAGIC_MIPSEL:
                format_name = "MIPS1 LE";
                encoding = ELFDATA2LSB;
                break;
        case ((ECOFF_MAGIC_MIPSEB2 & 0xff) << 8) +
            ((ECOFF_MAGIC_MIPSEB2 >> 8) & 0xff):
                format_name = "MIPS2 BE";
                encoding = ELFDATA2MSB;
                break;
        case ECOFF_MAGIC_MIPSEL2:
                format_name = "MIPS2 LE";
                encoding = ELFDATA2LSB;
                break;
        case ((ECOFF_MAGIC_MIPSEB3 & 0xff) << 8) +
            ((ECOFF_MAGIC_MIPSEB3 >> 8) & 0xff):
                format_name = "MIPS3 BE";
                encoding = ELFDATA2MSB;
                break;
        case ECOFF_MAGIC_MIPSEL3:
                format_name = "MIPS3 LE";
                encoding = ELFDATA2LSB;
                break;
        default:
                fprintf(stderr, "%s: unimplemented ECOFF format, magic = "
                    "0x%04x\n", filename, (int)f_magic);
                exit(1);
        }

        /*  Read various header information:  */
        unencode(f_nscns,  &exechdr.f.f_nscns,  uint16_t);
        unencode(f_symptr, &exechdr.f.f_symptr, uint32_t);
        unencode(f_nsyms,  &exechdr.f.f_nsyms,  uint32_t);
        debug("ECOFF, %s, %i sections, %i symbols @ 0x%lx\n",
            format_name, f_nscns, f_nsyms, (long)f_symptr);

        unencode(a_magic, &exechdr.a.magic, uint16_t);
        unencode(a_tsize, &exechdr.a.tsize, uint32_t);
        unencode(a_dsize, &exechdr.a.dsize, uint32_t);
        unencode(a_bsize, &exechdr.a.bsize, uint32_t);
        debug("magic 0x%04x, tsize 0x%x, dsize 0x%x, bsize 0x%x\n",
            a_magic, (int)a_tsize, (int)a_dsize, (int)a_bsize);

        unencode(a_tstart, &exechdr.a.text_start, uint32_t);
        unencode(a_dstart, &exechdr.a.data_start, uint32_t);
        unencode(a_bstart, &exechdr.a.bss_start,  uint32_t);
        debug("text @ 0x%08x, data @ 0x%08x, bss @ 0x%08x\n",
            (int)a_tstart, (int)a_dstart, (int)a_bstart);

        unencode(a_entry, &exechdr.a.entry,    uint32_t);
        unencode(a_gp,    &exechdr.a.gp_value, uint32_t);
        debug("entrypoint 0x%08x, gp = 0x%08x\n",
            (int)a_entry, (int)a_gp);

        /*
         *  Special hack for a MACH/pmax kernel, I don't know how applicable
         *  this is for other files:
         *  there are no sections (!), and a_magic = 0x0108 instead of
         *  0x0107 as it is on most other (E)COFF files I've seen.
         *
         *  Then load everything after the header to the text start address.
         */
        if (f_nscns == 0 && a_magic == 0x108) {
                uint64_t where = a_tstart;
                total_len = 0;
                fseek(f, 0x50, SEEK_SET);
                while (!feof(f)) {
                        chunk_size = 256;
                        len = fread(buf, 1, chunk_size, f);

                        if (len > 0)
                                m->cpus[0]->memory_rw(m->cpus[0], mem, where,
                                    &buf[0], len, MEM_WRITE, NO_EXCEPTIONS);
                        where += len;
                        total_len += len;
                }
                debug("MACH/pmax hack (!), read 0x%x bytes\n", total_len);
        }

        /*  Go through all the section headers:  */
        for (secn=0; secn<f_nscns; secn++) {
                off_t s_scnptr, s_relptr, s_lnnoptr, oldpos;
                int s_nreloc, s_nlnno, s_flags;
                int s_size;
                unsigned int i;
                uint64_t s_paddr, s_vaddr;

                /*  Read a section header:  */
                len = fread(&scnhdr, 1, sizeof(scnhdr), f);
                if (len != sizeof(scnhdr)) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "%s: incomplete section "
                            "header %i\n", filename, secn);
                        exit(1);
                }

                /*  Show the section name:  */
                debug("section ");
                for (i=0; i<sizeof(scnhdr.s_name); i++)
                        if (scnhdr.s_name[i] >= 32 && scnhdr.s_name[i] < 127)
                                debug("%c", scnhdr.s_name[i]);
                        else
                                break;
                debug(" (");

                unencode(s_paddr,   &scnhdr.s_paddr,   uint32_t);
                unencode(s_vaddr,   &scnhdr.s_vaddr,   uint32_t);
                unencode(s_size,    &scnhdr.s_size,    uint32_t);
                unencode(s_scnptr,  &scnhdr.s_scnptr,  uint32_t);
                unencode(s_relptr,  &scnhdr.s_relptr,  uint32_t);
                unencode(s_lnnoptr, &scnhdr.s_lnnoptr, uint32_t);
                unencode(s_nreloc,  &scnhdr.s_nreloc,  uint16_t);
                unencode(s_nlnno,   &scnhdr.s_nlnno,   uint16_t);
                unencode(s_flags,   &scnhdr.s_flags,   uint32_t);

                debug("0x%x @ 0x%08x, offset 0x%lx, flags 0x%x)\n",
                    (int)s_size, (int)s_vaddr, (long)s_scnptr, (int)s_flags);

                end_addr = s_vaddr + s_size;

                if (s_relptr != 0) {
                        /*
                         *  TODO: Read this url, or similar:
                         *  http://www.iecc.com/linker/linker07.html
                         */
                        fprintf(stderr, "%s: relocatable code/data in "
                            "section nr %i: not yet implemented\n",
                            filename, secn);
                        exit(1);
                }

                /*  Loadable? Then load the section:  */
                if (s_scnptr != 0 && s_size != 0 &&
                    s_vaddr != 0 && !(s_flags & 0x02)) {
                        /*  Remember the current file offset:  */
                        oldpos = ftello(f);

                        /*  Load the section into emulated memory:  */
                        fseek(f, s_scnptr, SEEK_SET);
                        total_len = 0;
                        chunk_size = 1;
                        if ((s_vaddr & 0xf) == 0)       chunk_size = 0x10;
                        if ((s_vaddr & 0xff) == 0)      chunk_size = 0x100;
                        if ((s_vaddr & 0xfff) == 0)     chunk_size = 0x1000;
                        while (total_len < s_size) {
                                len = chunk_size;
                                if (total_len + len > s_size)
                                        len = s_size - total_len;
                                len = fread(buf, 1, chunk_size, f);
                                if (len == 0) {
                                        debug("!!! total_len = %i, "
                                            "chunk_size = %i, len = %i\n",
                                            total_len, chunk_size, len);
                                        break;
                                }

                                m->cpus[0]->memory_rw(m->cpus[0], mem, s_vaddr,
                                    &buf[0], len, MEM_WRITE, NO_EXCEPTIONS);
                                s_vaddr += len;
                                total_len += len;
                        }

                        /*  Return to position inside the section headers:  */
                        fseek(f, oldpos, SEEK_SET);
                }
        }

        if (f_symptr != 0 && f_nsyms != 0) {
                struct ecoff_symhdr symhdr;
                int sym_magic, iextMax, issExtMax, issMax, crfd;
                off_t cbRfdOffset, cbExtOffset, cbSsExtOffset, cbSsOffset;
                char *symbol_data;
                struct ecoff_extsym *extsyms;
                int nsymbols, sym_nr;

                fseek(f, f_symptr, SEEK_SET);

                len = fread(&symhdr, 1, sizeof(symhdr), f);
                if (len != sizeof(symhdr)) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "%s: not a complete "
                            "ecoff image: symhdr broken\n", filename);
                        exit(1);
                }

                unencode(sym_magic,     &symhdr.magic,         uint16_t);
                unencode(crfd,          &symhdr.crfd,          uint32_t);
                unencode(cbRfdOffset,   &symhdr.cbRfdOffset,   uint32_t);
                unencode(issMax,        &symhdr.issMax,        uint32_t);
                unencode(cbSsOffset,    &symhdr.cbSsOffset,    uint32_t);
                unencode(issExtMax,     &symhdr.issExtMax,     uint32_t);
                unencode(cbSsExtOffset, &symhdr.cbSsExtOffset, uint32_t);
                unencode(iextMax,       &symhdr.iextMax,       uint32_t);
                unencode(cbExtOffset,   &symhdr.cbExtOffset,   uint32_t);

                if (sym_magic != MIPS_MAGIC_SYM) {
                        unsigned char *ms_sym_buf;
                        struct ms_sym *sym;
                        int n_real_symbols = 0;

                        debug("bad symbol magic, assuming Microsoft format: ");

                        /*
                         *  See http://www.lisoleg.net/lisoleg/elfandlib/
                         *    Microsoft%20Portable%20Executable%20COFF%20For
                         *    mat%20Specification.txt
                         *  for more details.
                         */
                        ms_sym_buf = malloc(sizeof(struct ms_sym) * f_nsyms);
                        if (ms_sym_buf == NULL) {
                                fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
                                exit(1);
                        }
                        fseek(f, f_symptr, SEEK_SET);
                        len = fread(ms_sym_buf, 1,
                            sizeof(struct ms_sym) * f_nsyms, f);
                        sym = (struct ms_sym *) ms_sym_buf;
                        for (sym_nr=0; sym_nr<f_nsyms; sym_nr++) {
                                char name[300];
                                uint32_t v, t, altname;
                                /*  debug("sym %5i: '", sym_nr);
                                for (i=0; i<8 && sym->name[i]; i++)
                                        debug("%c", sym->name[i]);  */
                                v = sym->value[0] + (sym->value[1] << 8)
                                    + (sym->value[2] << 16)
                                    + ((uint64_t)sym->value[3] << 24);
                                altname = sym->name[4] + (sym->name[5] << 8)
                                    + (sym->name[6] << 16)
                                    + ((uint64_t)sym->name[3] << 24);
                                t = (sym->type[1] << 8) + sym->type[0];
                                /*  TODO: big endian COFF?  */
                                /*  debug("' value=0x%x type=0x%04x", v, t);  */

                                if (t == 0x20 && sym->name[0]) {
                                        memcpy(name, sym->name, 8);
                                        name[8] = '\0';
                                        add_symbol_name(&m->symbol_context,
                                            v, 0, name, 0, -1);
                                        n_real_symbols ++;
                                } else if (t == 0x20 && !sym->name[0]) {
                                        off_t ofs;
                                        ofs = f_symptr + altname +
                                            sizeof(struct ms_sym) * f_nsyms;
                                        fseek(f, ofs, SEEK_SET);
                                        fread(name, 1, sizeof(name), f);
                                        name[sizeof(name)-1] = '\0';
                                        /*  debug(" [altname=0x%x '%s']",
                                            altname, name);  */
                                        add_symbol_name(&m->symbol_context,
                                            v, 0, name, 0, -1);
                                        n_real_symbols ++;
                                }


                                if (sym->n_aux_syms) {
                                        int n = sym->n_aux_syms;
                                        /*  debug(" aux='");  */
                                        while (n-- > 0) {
                                                sym ++; sym_nr ++;
                                                /*  for (i=0; i<8 &&
                                                    sym->name[i]; i++)
                                                        debug("%c",
                                                            sym->name[i]);  */
                                        }
                                        /*  debug("'");  */
                                }
                                /*  debug("\n");  */
                                sym ++;
                        }

                        debug("%i symbols\n", n_real_symbols);
                        free(ms_sym_buf);

                        goto skip_normal_coff_symbols;
                }

                debug("symbol header: magic = 0x%x\n", sym_magic);

                debug("%i symbols @ 0x%08x (strings @ 0x%08x)\n",
                    iextMax, cbExtOffset, cbSsExtOffset);

                symbol_data = malloc(issExtMax + 2);
                if (symbol_data == NULL) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
                        exit(1);
                }
                memset(symbol_data, 0, issExtMax + 2);
                fseek(f, cbSsExtOffset, SEEK_SET);
                fread(symbol_data, 1, issExtMax + 1, f);

                nsymbols = iextMax;

                extsyms = malloc(iextMax * sizeof(struct ecoff_extsym));
                if (extsyms == NULL) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
                        exit(1);
                }
                memset(extsyms, 0, iextMax * sizeof(struct ecoff_extsym));
                fseek(f, cbExtOffset, SEEK_SET);
                fread(extsyms, 1, iextMax * sizeof(struct ecoff_extsym), f);

                /*  Unencode the strindex and value first:  */
                for (sym_nr=0; sym_nr<nsymbols; sym_nr++) {
                        uint64_t value, strindex;

                        unencode(strindex, &extsyms[sym_nr].es_strindex,
                            uint32_t);
                        unencode(value, &extsyms[sym_nr].es_value, uint32_t);

                        extsyms[sym_nr].es_strindex = strindex;
                        extsyms[sym_nr].es_value    = value;
                }

                for (sym_nr=0; sym_nr<nsymbols; sym_nr++) {
                        /*  debug("symbol%6i: 0x%08x = %s\n",
                            sym_nr, (int)extsyms[sym_nr].es_value,
                            symbol_data + extsyms[sym_nr].es_strindex);  */

                        add_symbol_name(&m->symbol_context,
                            extsyms[sym_nr].es_value, 0,
                            symbol_data + extsyms[sym_nr].es_strindex, 0, -1);
                }

                free(extsyms);
                free(symbol_data);

skip_normal_coff_symbols:
                ;
        }

        fclose(f);

        *entrypointp = a_entry;
        *gpp = a_gp;
        m->file_loaded_end_addr = end_addr;

        if (program_byte_order != -1)
                encoding = program_byte_order;

        if (encoding == ELFDATA2LSB)
                *byte_orderp = EMUL_LITTLE_ENDIAN;
        else
                *byte_orderp = EMUL_BIG_ENDIAN;

        n_executables_loaded ++;
}


/*
 *  file_load_srec():
 *
 *  Loads a Motorola SREC file into emulated memory. Description of the SREC
 *  file format can be found at here:
 *
 *      http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/tareski/373f98/notes/srecord.htm
 *  or  http://www.amelek.gda.pl/avr/uisp/srecord.htm
 */
static void file_load_srec(struct machine *m, struct memory *mem,
        char *filename, uint64_t *entrypointp)
{
        FILE *f;
        unsigned char buf[516];
        unsigned char bytes[270];
        uint64_t entry = 0, vaddr = 0;
        int i, j, count;
        char ch;
        int buf_len, data_start = 0;
        int entry_set = 0;
        int warning = 0;
        int warning_len = 0;
        int total_bytes_loaded = 0;

        f = fopen(filename, "r");
        if (f == NULL) {
                perror(filename);
                exit(1);
        }

        /*  Load file contents:  */
        while (!feof(f)) {
                memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
                fgets((char *)buf, sizeof(buf)-1, f);

                if (buf[0] == 0 || buf[0]=='\r' || buf[0]=='\n')
                        continue;

                if (buf[0] != 'S') {
                        if (!warning)
                                debug("WARNING! non-S-record found\n");
                        warning = 1;
                        continue;
                }

                buf_len = strlen((char *)buf);

                if (buf_len < 10) {
                        if (!warning_len)
                                debug("WARNING! invalid S-record found\n");
                        warning_len = 1;
                        continue;
                }

                /*
                 *  Stype count address data checksum
                 *  01    23    4..     ..   (last 2 bytes)
                 *
                 *  TODO: actually check the checksum
                 */

                j = 0;
                for (i=1; i<buf_len; i++) {
                        if (buf[i]>='a' && buf[i]<='f')
                                buf[i] += 10 - 'a';
                        else if (buf[i] >= 'A' && buf[i] <= 'F')
                                buf[i] += 10 - 'A';
                        else if (buf[i] >= '0' && buf[i] <= '9')
                                buf[i] -= '0';
                        else if (buf[i] == '\r' || buf[i] == '\n') {
                        } else
                                fatal("invalid characters '%c' in S-record\n",
                                    buf[i]);

                        if (i >= 4) {
                                if (i & 1)
                                        bytes[j++] += buf[i];
                                else
                                        bytes[j] = buf[i] * 16;
                        }
                }

                count = buf[2] * 16 + buf[3];
                /*  debug("count=%i j=%i\n", count, j);  */
                /*  count is j - 1.  */

                switch (buf[1]) {
                case 0:
                        debug("SREC \"");
                        for (i=2; i<count-1; i++) {
                                ch = bytes[i];
                                if (ch >= ' ' && ch < 127)
                                        debug("%c", ch);
                                else
                                        debug("?");
                        }
                        debug("\"\n");
                        break;
                case 1:
                case 2:
                case 3:
                        /*  switch again, to get the load address:  */
                        switch (buf[1]) {
                        case 1: data_start = 2;
                                vaddr = (bytes[0] << 8) + bytes[1];
                                break;
                        case 2: data_start = 3;
                                vaddr = (bytes[0] << 16) + (bytes[1] << 8) +
                                    bytes[2];
                                break;
                        case 3: data_start = 4;
                                vaddr = ((uint64_t)bytes[0] << 24) +
                                    (bytes[1] << 16) + (bytes[2]<<8) + bytes[3];
                        }
                        m->cpus[0]->memory_rw(m->cpus[0], mem, vaddr,
                            &bytes[data_start], count - 1 - data_start,
                            MEM_WRITE, NO_EXCEPTIONS);
                        total_bytes_loaded += count - 1 - data_start;
                        break;
                case 7:
                case 8:
                case 9:
                        /*  switch again, to get the entry point:  */
                        switch (buf[1]) {
                        case 7: entry = ((uint64_t)bytes[0] << 24) +
                                    (bytes[1] << 16) + (bytes[2]<<8) + bytes[3];
                                break;
                        case 8: entry = (bytes[0] << 16) + (bytes[1] << 8) +
                                    bytes[2];
                                break;
                        case 9: entry = (bytes[0] << 8) + bytes[1];
                                break;
                        }
                        entry_set = 1;
                        debug("entry point 0x%08x\n", (unsigned int)entry);
                        break;
                default:
                        debug("unimplemented S-record type %i\n", buf[1]);
                }
        }

        debug("0x%x bytes loaded\n", total_bytes_loaded);

        fclose(f);

        if (!entry_set)
                debug("WARNING! no entrypoint found!\n");
        else
                *entrypointp = entry;

        n_executables_loaded ++;
}


/*
 *  file_load_raw():
 *
 *  Loads a raw binary into emulated memory. The filename should be
 *  of the following form:     loadaddress:filename
 *  or    loadaddress:skiplen:filename
 *  or    loadaddress:skiplen:pc:filename
 */
static void file_load_raw(struct machine *m, struct memory *mem,
        char *filename, uint64_t *entrypointp)
{
        FILE *f;
        int len, sign3264;
        unsigned char buf[16384];
        uint64_t entry, loadaddr, vaddr, skip = 0;
        char *p, *p2;

        /*  Special case for 32-bit MIPS:  */
        sign3264 = 0;
        if (m->arch == ARCH_MIPS && m->cpus[0]->is_32bit)
                sign3264 = 1;

        p = strchr(filename, ':');
        if (p == NULL) {
                fprintf(stderr, "\n");
                perror(filename);
                exit(1);
        }

        loadaddr = vaddr = entry = strtoull(filename, NULL, 0);
        p2 = p+1;

        /*  A second value? That's the optional skip value  */
        p = strchr(p2, ':');
        if (p != NULL) {
                skip = strtoull(p2, NULL, 0);
                p = p+1;
                /*  A third value? That's the initial pc:  */
                if (strchr(p, ':') != NULL) {
                        entry = strtoull(p, NULL, 0);
                        p = strchr(p, ':') + 1;
                }
        } else
                p = p2;

        if (sign3264) {
                loadaddr = (int64_t)(int32_t)loadaddr;
                entry = (int64_t)(int32_t)entry;
                vaddr = (int64_t)(int32_t)vaddr;
                skip = (int64_t)(int32_t)skip;
        }

        f = fopen(strrchr(filename, ':')+1, "r");
        if (f == NULL) {
                perror(p);
                exit(1);
        }

        fseek(f, skip, SEEK_SET);

        /*  Load file contents:  */
        while (!feof(f)) {
                size_t to_read = sizeof(buf);

                /*  If vaddr isn't buf-size aligned, then start with a
                    smaller buffer:  */
                if (vaddr & (sizeof(buf) - 1))
                        to_read = sizeof(buf) - (vaddr & (sizeof(buf)-1));

                len = fread(buf, 1, to_read, f);

                if (len > 0)
                        m->cpus[0]->memory_rw(m->cpus[0], mem, vaddr, &buf[0],
                            len, MEM_WRITE, NO_EXCEPTIONS);

                vaddr += len;
        }

        debug("RAW: 0x%"PRIx64" bytes @ 0x%08"PRIx64,
            (uint64_t) (ftello(f) - skip), (uint64_t) loadaddr);

        if (skip != 0)
                debug(" (0x%"PRIx64" bytes of header skipped)",
                    (uint64_t) skip);

        debug("\n");

        fclose(f);

        *entrypointp = entry;

        n_executables_loaded ++;
}


/*
 *  file_load_elf():
 *
 *  Loads an ELF image into the emulated memory.  The entry point (read from
 *  the ELF header) and the initial value of the gp register (read from the
 *  ELF symbol table) are stored in the specified CPU's registers.
 *
 *  This is pretty heavy stuff, but is needed because of the heaviness of
 *  ELF files. :-/   Hopefully it will be able to recognize most valid ELFs.
 */
static void file_load_elf(struct machine *m, struct memory *mem,
        char *filename, uint64_t *entrypointp, int arch, uint64_t *gpp,
        int *byte_order, uint64_t *tocp)
{
        Elf32_Ehdr hdr32;
        Elf64_Ehdr hdr64;
        FILE *f;
        uint64_t eentry;
        int len, i, ok;
        int elf64, encoding, eflags;
        int etype, emachine;
        int ephnum, ephentsize, eshnum, eshentsize;
        off_t ephoff, eshoff;
        Elf32_Phdr phdr32;
        Elf64_Phdr phdr64;
        Elf32_Shdr shdr32;
        Elf64_Shdr shdr64;
        Elf32_Sym sym32;
        Elf64_Sym sym64;
        int ofs;
        int chunk_len = 1024, align_len;
        char *symbol_strings = NULL; size_t symbol_length = 0;
        char *s;
        Elf32_Sym *symbols_sym32 = NULL;  int n_symbols = 0;
        Elf64_Sym *symbols_sym64 = NULL;

        f = fopen(filename, "r");
        if (f == NULL) {
                perror(filename);
                exit(1);
        }

        len = fread(&hdr32, 1, sizeof(Elf32_Ehdr), f);
        if (len < (signed int)sizeof(Elf32_Ehdr)) {
                fprintf(stderr, "%s: not an ELF file image\n", filename);
                exit(1);
        }

        if (memcmp(&hdr32.e_ident[EI_MAG0], ELFMAG, SELFMAG) != 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "%s: not an ELF file image\n", filename);
                exit(1);
        }

        switch (hdr32.e_ident[EI_CLASS]) {
        case ELFCLASS32:
                elf64 = 0;
                break;
        case ELFCLASS64:
                elf64 = 1;
                fseek(f, 0, SEEK_SET);
                len = fread(&hdr64, 1, sizeof(Elf64_Ehdr), f);
                if (len < (signed int)sizeof(Elf64_Ehdr)) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "%s: not an ELF64 file image\n",
                            filename);
                        exit(1);
                }
                break;
        default:
                fprintf(stderr, "%s: unknown ELF class '%i'\n",
                    filename, hdr32.e_ident[EI_CLASS]);
                exit(1);
        }

        encoding = hdr32.e_ident[EI_DATA];
        if (encoding != ELFDATA2LSB && encoding != ELFDATA2MSB) {
                fprintf(stderr, "%s: unknown data encoding '%i'\n",
                    filename, hdr32.e_ident[EI_DATA]);
                exit(1);
        }

        if (elf64) {
                unencode(etype,      &hdr64.e_type,      Elf64_Quarter);
                unencode(eflags,     &hdr64.e_flags,     Elf64_Half);
                unencode(emachine,   &hdr64.e_machine,   Elf64_Quarter);
                unencode(eentry,     &hdr64.e_entry,     Elf64_Addr);
                unencode(ephnum,     &hdr64.e_phnum,     Elf64_Quarter);
                unencode(ephentsize, &hdr64.e_phentsize, Elf64_Quarter);
                unencode(ephoff,     &hdr64.e_phoff,     Elf64_Off);
                unencode(eshnum,     &hdr64.e_shnum,     Elf64_Quarter);
                unencode(eshentsize, &hdr64.e_shentsize, Elf64_Quarter);
                unencode(eshoff,     &hdr64.e_shoff,     Elf64_Off);
                if (ephentsize != sizeof(Elf64_Phdr)) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "%s: incorrect phentsize? %i, should "
                            "be %i\nPerhaps this is a dynamically linked "
                            "binary (which isn't supported yet).\n", filename,
                            (int)ephentsize, (int)sizeof(Elf64_Phdr));
                        exit(1);
                }
                if (eshentsize != sizeof(Elf64_Shdr)) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "%s: incorrect shentsize? %i, should "
                            "be %i\nPerhaps this is a dynamically linked "
                            "binary (which isn't supported yet).\n", filename,
                            (int)eshentsize, (int)sizeof(Elf64_Shdr));
                        exit(1);
                }
        } else {
                unencode(etype,      &hdr32.e_type,      Elf32_Half);
                unencode(eflags,     &hdr32.e_flags,     Elf32_Word);
                unencode(emachine,   &hdr32.e_machine,   Elf32_Half);
                unencode(eentry,     &hdr32.e_entry,     Elf32_Addr);
                unencode(ephnum,     &hdr32.e_phnum,     Elf32_Half);
                unencode(ephentsize, &hdr32.e_phentsize, Elf32_Half);
                unencode(ephoff,     &hdr32.e_phoff,     Elf32_Off);
                unencode(eshnum,     &hdr32.e_shnum,     Elf32_Half);
                unencode(eshentsize, &hdr32.e_shentsize, Elf32_Half);
                unencode(eshoff,     &hdr32.e_shoff,     Elf32_Off);
                if (ephentsize != sizeof(Elf32_Phdr)) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "%s: incorrect phentsize? %i, should "
                            "be %i\nPerhaps this is a dynamically linked "
                            "binary (which isn't supported yet).\n", filename,
                            (int)ephentsize, (int)sizeof(Elf32_Phdr));
                        exit(1);
                }
                if (eshentsize != sizeof(Elf32_Shdr)) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "%s: incorrect shentsize? %i, should "
                            "be %i\nPerhaps this is a dynamically linked "
                            "binary (which isn't supported yet).\n", filename,
                            (int)eshentsize, (int)sizeof(Elf32_Shdr));
                        exit(1);
                }
        }

        if ( etype != ET_EXEC ) {
                fprintf(stderr, "%s is not an ELF Executable file, type = %i\n",
                    filename, etype);
                exit(1);
        }

        ok = 0;
        switch (arch) {
        case ARCH_ALPHA:
                switch (emachine) {
                case EM_ALPHA:
                case -28634:
                        ok = 1;
                }
                break;
        case ARCH_ARM:
                switch (emachine) {
                case EM_ARM:
                        ok = 1;
                }
                break;
        case ARCH_AVR:
                switch (emachine) {
                case EM_AVR:
                        ok = 1;
                }
                break;
        case ARCH_HPPA:
                switch (emachine) {
                case EM_PARISC:
                        ok = 1;
                }
                break;
        case ARCH_I960:
                switch (emachine) {
                case EM_960:
                        ok = 1;
                }
                break;
        case ARCH_IA64:
                switch (emachine) {
                case EM_IA_64:
                        ok = 1;
                }
                break;
        case ARCH_M68K:
                switch (emachine) {
                case EM_68K:
                        ok = 1;
                }
                break;
        case ARCH_MIPS:
                switch (emachine) {
                case EM_MIPS:
                case EM_MIPS_RS3_LE:
                        ok = 1;
                }
                break;
        case ARCH_PPC:
                switch (emachine) {
                case EM_PPC:
                case EM_PPC64:
                        ok = 1;
                }
                break;
        case ARCH_SH:
                switch (emachine) {
                case EM_SH:
                        ok = 1;
                }
                break;
        case ARCH_SPARC:
                switch (emachine) {
                case EM_SPARC:
                case EM_SPARCV9:
                        ok = 1;
                }
                break;
        case ARCH_X86:
                switch (emachine) {
                case EM_386:
                case EM_486:
                        *tocp = 1;
                        ok = 1;
                        break;
                case EM_AMD64:
                        *tocp = 2;
                        ok = 1;
                        break;
                }
                break;
        default:
                fatal("file.c: INTERNAL ERROR: Unimplemented arch!\n");
        }
        if (!ok) {
                fprintf(stderr, "%s: this is a ", filename);
                if (emachine >= 0 && emachine < N_ELF_MACHINE_TYPES)
                        fprintf(stderr, elf_machine_type[emachine]);
                else
                        fprintf(stderr, "machine type '%i'", emachine);
                fprintf(stderr, " ELF binary!\n");
                exit(1);
        }

        s = "entry point";
        if (elf64 && arch == ARCH_PPC)
                s = "function descriptor at";

        debug("ELF%i %s, %s 0x", elf64? 64 : 32,
            encoding == ELFDATA2LSB? "LSB (LE)" : "MSB (BE)", s);

        if (elf64)
                debug("%016"PRIx64"\n", (uint64_t) eentry);
        else
                debug("%08"PRIx32"\n", (uint32_t) eentry);

        /*
         *  SH64: 32-bit instruction encoding?
         */
        if (arch == ARCH_SH && (eentry & 1)) {
                debug("SH64: 32-bit instruction encoding\n");
                m->cpus[0]->cd.sh.compact = 0;
                m->cpus[0]->cd.sh.cpu_type.bits = 64;
        }

        /*  Read the program headers:  */

        for (i=0; i<ephnum; i++) {
                int p_type;
                uint64_t p_offset;
                uint64_t p_vaddr;
                uint64_t p_paddr;
                uint64_t p_filesz;
                uint64_t p_memsz;
                int p_flags;
                int p_align;

                fseek(f, ephoff + i * ephentsize, SEEK_SET);

                if (elf64) {
                        fread(&phdr64, 1, sizeof(Elf64_Phdr), f);
                        unencode(p_type,    &phdr64.p_type,    Elf64_Half);
                        unencode(p_flags,   &phdr64.p_flags,   Elf64_Half);
                        unencode(p_offset,  &phdr64.p_offset,  Elf64_Off);
                        unencode(p_vaddr,   &phdr64.p_vaddr,   Elf64_Addr);
                        unencode(p_paddr,   &phdr64.p_paddr,   Elf64_Addr);
                        unencode(p_filesz,  &phdr64.p_filesz,  Elf64_Xword);
                        unencode(p_memsz,   &phdr64.p_memsz,   Elf64_Xword);
                        unencode(p_align,   &phdr64.p_align,   Elf64_Xword);
                } else {
                        fread(&phdr32, 1, sizeof(Elf32_Phdr), f);
                        unencode(p_type,    &phdr32.p_type,    Elf32_Word);
                        unencode(p_offset,  &phdr32.p_offset,  Elf32_Off);
                        unencode(p_vaddr,   &phdr32.p_vaddr,   Elf32_Addr);
                        unencode(p_paddr,   &phdr32.p_paddr,   Elf32_Addr);
                        unencode(p_filesz,  &phdr32.p_filesz,  Elf32_Word);
                        unencode(p_memsz,   &phdr32.p_memsz,   Elf32_Word);
                        unencode(p_flags,   &phdr32.p_flags,   Elf32_Word);
                        unencode(p_align,   &phdr32.p_align,   Elf32_Word);
                }

                /*
                 *  Hack for loading PPC kernels that are linked to high
                 *  addresses. (This requires enabling of instruction and
                 *  data virtual address translation.)
                 */
                if (arch == ARCH_PPC) {
                        if ( (elf64 && (p_vaddr >> 60) != 0) ||
                            (!elf64 && (p_vaddr >> 28) != 0) )
                                m->cpus[m->bootstrap_cpu]->
                                    cd.ppc.msr |= PPC_MSR_IR | PPC_MSR_DR;
                }

                if (p_memsz != 0 && (p_type == PT_LOAD ||
                    (p_type & PF_MASKPROC) == PT_MIPS_REGINFO)) {
                        debug("chunk %i (", i);
                        if (p_type == PT_LOAD)
                                debug("load");
                        else
                                debug("0x%08"PRIx32, (uint32_t) p_type);

                        debug(") @ 0x%"PRIx64", vaddr 0x", (uint64_t) p_offset);

                        if (elf64)
                                debug("%016"PRIx64, (uint64_t) p_vaddr);
                        else
                                debug("%08"PRIx32, (uint32_t) p_vaddr);

                        debug(" len=0x%"PRIx64"\n", (uint64_t) p_memsz);

                        if (p_vaddr != p_paddr) {
                                if (elf64)
                                        debug("NOTE: vaddr (0x%"PRIx64") and "
                                            "paddr (0x%"PRIx64") differ; using "
                                            "vaddr\n", (uint64_t) p_vaddr,
                                            (uint64_t) p_paddr);
                                else
                                        debug("NOTE: vaddr (0x%08"PRIx32") and "
                                            "paddr (0x%08"PRIx32") differ; usin"
                                            "g vaddr\n", (uint32_t) p_vaddr,
                                            (uint32_t)p_paddr);
                        }

                        if (p_memsz < p_filesz) {
                                fprintf(stderr, "%s: memsz < filesz. TODO: how"
                                    " to handle this? memsz=%016"PRIx64
                                    " filesz=%016"PRIx64"\n", filename,
                                    (uint64_t) p_memsz, (uint64_t) p_filesz);
                                exit(1);
                        }

                        fseek(f, p_offset, SEEK_SET);
                        align_len = 1;
                        if ((p_vaddr & 0xf)==0)         align_len = 0x10;
                        if ((p_vaddr & 0x3f)==0)        align_len = 0x40;
                        if ((p_vaddr & 0xff)==0)        align_len = 0x100;
                        if ((p_vaddr & 0xfff)==0)       align_len = 0x1000;
                        if ((p_vaddr & 0x3fff)==0)      align_len = 0x4000;
                        if ((p_vaddr & 0xffff)==0)      align_len = 0x10000;
                        ofs = 0;  len = chunk_len = align_len;
                        while (ofs < (int64_t)p_filesz && len==chunk_len) {
                                unsigned char *ch = malloc(chunk_len);
                                int i = 0;

                                /*  Switch to larger size, if possible:  */
                                if (align_len < 0x10000 &&
                                    ((p_vaddr + ofs) & 0xffff)==0) {
                                        align_len = 0x10000;
                                        len = chunk_len = align_len;
                                        free(ch);
                                        ch = malloc(chunk_len);
                                } else if (align_len < 0x1000 &&
                                    ((p_vaddr + ofs) & 0xfff)==0) {
                                        align_len = 0x1000;
                                        len = chunk_len = align_len;
                                        free(ch);
                                        ch = malloc(chunk_len);
                                }

                                if (ch == NULL) {
                                        fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
                                        exit(1);
                                }

                                len = fread(&ch[0], 1, chunk_len, f);
                                if (ofs + len > (int64_t)p_filesz)
                                        len = p_filesz - ofs;

                                while (i < len) {
                                        size_t len_to_copy;
                                        len_to_copy = (i + align_len) <= len?
                                            align_len : len - i;
                                        m->cpus[0]->memory_rw(m->cpus[0], mem,
                                            p_vaddr + ofs, &ch[i], len_to_copy,
                                            MEM_WRITE, NO_EXCEPTIONS);
                                        ofs += align_len;
                                        i += align_len;
                                }

                                free(ch);
                        }
                }
        }

        /*
         *  Read the section headers to find the address of the _gp
         *  symbol (for MIPS):
         */

        for (i=0; i<eshnum; i++) {
                int sh_name, sh_type, sh_flags, sh_link, sh_info, sh_entsize;
                uint64_t sh_addr, sh_size, sh_addralign;
                off_t sh_offset;
                int n_entries;  /*  for reading the symbol / string tables  */

                /*  debug("section header %i at %016"PRIx64"\n", i,
                    (uint64_t) eshoff+i*eshentsize);  */

                fseek(f, eshoff + i * eshentsize, SEEK_SET);

                if (elf64) {
                        len = fread(&shdr64, 1, sizeof(Elf64_Shdr), f);
                        if (len != sizeof(Elf64_Shdr)) {
                                fprintf(stderr, "couldn't read header\n");
                                exit(1);
                        }
                        unencode(sh_name,    &shdr64.sh_name, Elf64_Half);
                        unencode(sh_type,    &shdr64.sh_type, Elf64_Half);
                        unencode(sh_flags,   &shdr64.sh_flags, Elf64_Xword);
                        unencode(sh_addr,    &shdr64.sh_addr, Elf64_Addr);
                        unencode(sh_offset,  &shdr64.sh_offset, Elf64_Off);
                        unencode(sh_size,    &shdr64.sh_size, Elf64_Xword);
                        unencode(sh_link,    &shdr64.sh_link, Elf64_Half);
                        unencode(sh_info,    &shdr64.sh_info, Elf64_Half);
                        unencode(sh_addralign, &shdr64.sh_addralign,
                            Elf64_Xword);
                        unencode(sh_entsize, &shdr64.sh_entsize, Elf64_Xword);
                } else {
                        len = fread(&shdr32, 1, sizeof(Elf32_Shdr), f);
                        if (len != sizeof(Elf32_Shdr)) {
                                fprintf(stderr, "couldn't read header\n");
                                exit(1);
                        }
                        unencode(sh_name,      &shdr32.sh_name,    Elf32_Word);
                        unencode(sh_type,      &shdr32.sh_type,    Elf32_Word);
                        unencode(sh_flags,     &shdr32.sh_flags,   Elf32_Word);
                        unencode(sh_addr,      &shdr32.sh_addr,    Elf32_Addr);
                        unencode(sh_offset,    &shdr32.sh_offset,  Elf32_Off);
                        unencode(sh_size,      &shdr32.sh_size,    Elf32_Word);
                        unencode(sh_link,      &shdr32.sh_link,    Elf32_Word);
                        unencode(sh_info,      &shdr32.sh_info,    Elf32_Word);
                        unencode(sh_addralign, &shdr32.sh_addralign,Elf32_Word);
                        unencode(sh_entsize,   &shdr32.sh_entsize, Elf32_Word);
                }

                /*  debug("sh_name=%04lx, sh_type=%08lx, sh_flags=%08lx"
                    " sh_size=%06lx sh_entsize=%03lx\n",
                    (long)sh_name, (long)sh_type, (long)sh_flags,
                    (long)sh_size, (long)sh_entsize);  */

                /*  Perhaps it is bad to reuse sh_entsize like this?  TODO  */
                if (elf64)
                        sh_entsize = sizeof(Elf64_Sym);
                else
                        sh_entsize = sizeof(Elf32_Sym);

                if (sh_type == SHT_SYMTAB) {
                        size_t len;
                        n_entries = sh_size / sh_entsize;

                        fseek(f, sh_offset, SEEK_SET);

                        if (elf64) {
                                if (symbols_sym64 != NULL)
                                        free(symbols_sym64);
                                symbols_sym64 = malloc(sh_size);
                                if (symbols_sym64 == NULL) {
                                        fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
                                        exit(1);
                                }

                                len = fread(symbols_sym64, 1, sh_entsize *
                                    n_entries, f);
                        } else {
                                if (symbols_sym32 != NULL)
                                        free(symbols_sym32);
                                symbols_sym32 = malloc(sh_size);
                                if (symbols_sym32 == NULL) {
                                        fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
                                        exit(1);
                                }

                                len = fread(symbols_sym32, 1,
                                    sh_entsize * n_entries, f);
                        }

                        if (len != sh_size) {
                                fprintf(stderr, "could not read symbols from "
                                    "%s\n", filename);
                                exit(1);
                        }

                        debug("%i symbol entries at 0x%"PRIx64"\n",
                            (int) n_entries, (uint64_t) sh_offset);

                        n_symbols = n_entries;
                }

                /*
                 *  TODO:  This is incorrect, there may be several strtab
                 *         sections.
                 *
                 *  For now, the simple/stupid guess that the largest string
                 *  table is the one to use seems to be good enough.
                 */

                if (sh_type == SHT_STRTAB && sh_size > symbol_length) {
                        size_t len;

                        if (symbol_strings != NULL)
                                free(symbol_strings);

                        symbol_strings = malloc(sh_size + 1);
                        if (symbol_strings == NULL) {
                                fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
                                exit(1);
                        }

                        fseek(f, sh_offset, SEEK_SET);
                        len = fread(symbol_strings, 1, sh_size, f);
                        if (len != sh_size) {
                                fprintf(stderr, "could not read symbols from "
                                    "%s\n", filename);
                                exit(1);
                        }

                        debug("%i bytes of symbol strings at 0x%"PRIx64"\n",
                            (int) sh_size, (uint64_t) sh_offset);

                        symbol_strings[sh_size] = '\0';
                        symbol_length = sh_size;
                }
        }

        fclose(f);

        /*  Decode symbols:  */
        if (symbol_strings != NULL) {
                for (i=0; i<n_symbols; i++) {
                        uint64_t st_name, addr, size;
                        int st_info;

                        if (elf64) {
                                sym64 = symbols_sym64[i];
                                unencode(st_name, &sym64.st_name,  Elf64_Half);
                                unencode(st_info, &sym64.st_info,  Elf_Byte);
                                unencode(addr,    &sym64.st_value, Elf64_Addr);
                                unencode(size,    &sym64.st_size,  Elf64_Xword);
                        } else {
                                sym32 = symbols_sym32[i];
                                unencode(st_name, &sym32.st_name,  Elf32_Word);
                                unencode(st_info, &sym32.st_info,  Elf_Byte);
                                unencode(addr,    &sym32.st_value, Elf32_Word);
                                unencode(size,    &sym32.st_size, Elf32_Word);
                        }

                        /*  debug("symbol info=0x%02x addr=0x%016"PRIx64
                            " (%i) '%s'\n", st_info, (uint64_t) addr,
                            st_name, symbol_strings + st_name);  */

                        if (size == 0)
                                size ++;

                        if (addr != 0) /* && ((st_info >> 4) & 0xf)
                            >= STB_GLOBAL) */ {
                                /*  debug("symbol info=0x%02x addr=0x%016"PRIx64
                                    " '%s'\n", st_info, (uint64_t) addr,
                                    symbol_strings + st_name);  */
                                add_symbol_name(&m->symbol_context,
                                    addr, size, symbol_strings + st_name,
                                    0, -1);
                        }

                        if (strcmp(symbol_strings + st_name, "_gp") == 0) {
                                debug("found _gp address: 0x");
                                if (elf64)
                                        debug("%016"PRIx64"\n", (uint64_t)addr);
                                else
                                        debug("%08"PRIx32"\n", (uint32_t)addr);
                                *gpp = addr;
                        }
                }
        }

        *entrypointp = eentry;

        if (encoding == ELFDATA2LSB)
                *byte_order = EMUL_LITTLE_ENDIAN;
        else
                *byte_order = EMUL_BIG_ENDIAN;

        if (elf64 && arch == ARCH_PPC) {
                /*
                 *  Special case for 64-bit PPC ELFs:
                 *
                 *  The ELF starting symbol points to a ".opd" section
                 *  which contains a function descriptor:
                 *
                 *      uint64_t  start;
                 *      uint64_t  toc_base;
                 *      uint64_t  something_else;       (?)
                 */
                int res;
                unsigned char b[sizeof(uint64_t)];
                uint64_t toc_base;

                debug("PPC64: ");

                res = m->cpus[0]->memory_rw(m->cpus[0], mem, eentry, b,
                    sizeof(b), MEM_READ, NO_EXCEPTIONS);
                if (!res)
                        debug(" [WARNING: could not read memory?] ");

                /*  PPC are always big-endian:  */
                *entrypointp = ((uint64_t)b[0] << 56) +
                    ((uint64_t)b[1] << 48) + ((uint64_t)b[2] << 40) +
                    ((uint64_t)b[3] << 32) + ((uint64_t)b[4] << 24) +
                    ((uint64_t)b[5] << 16) + ((uint64_t)b[6] << 8) +
                    (uint64_t)b[7];

                res = m->cpus[0]->memory_rw(m->cpus[0], mem, eentry + 8,
                    b, sizeof(b), MEM_READ, NO_EXCEPTIONS);
                if (!res)
                        fatal(" [WARNING: could not read memory?] ");

                toc_base = ((uint64_t)b[0] << 56) +
                    ((uint64_t)b[1] << 48) + ((uint64_t)b[2] << 40) +
                    ((uint64_t)b[3] << 32) + ((uint64_t)b[4] << 24) +
                    ((uint64_t)b[5] << 16) + ((uint64_t)b[6] << 8) +
                    (uint64_t)b[7];

                debug("entrypoint 0x%016"PRIx64", toc_base 0x%016"PRIx64"\n",
                    (uint64_t) *entrypointp, (uint64_t) toc_base);
                if (tocp != NULL)
                        *tocp = toc_base;
        }

        n_executables_loaded ++;
}


/*
 *  file_n_executables_loaded():
 *
 *  Returns the number of executable files loaded into emulated memory.
 */
int file_n_executables_loaded(void)
{
        return n_executables_loaded;
}


/*
 *  file_load():
 *
 *  Sense the file format of a file (ELF, a.out, ecoff), and call the
 *  right file_load_XXX() function.  If the file isn't of a recognized
 *  binary format, assume that it contains symbol definitions.
 *
 *  If the filename doesn't exist, try to treat the name as
 *   "address:filename" and load the file as a raw binary.
 */
void file_load(struct machine *machine, struct memory *mem,
        char *filename, uint64_t *entrypointp,
        int arch, uint64_t *gpp, int *byte_orderp, uint64_t *tocp)
{
        int iadd = DEBUG_INDENTATION, old_quiet_mode;
        FILE *f;
        unsigned char buf[12];
        unsigned char buf2[2];
        size_t len, len2, i;
        off_t size;

        if (byte_orderp == NULL) {
                fprintf(stderr, "file_load(): byte_order == NULL\n");
                exit(1);
        }

        if (arch == ARCH_NOARCH) {
                fprintf(stderr, "file_load(): FATAL ERROR: no arch?\n");
                exit(1);
        }

        if (mem == NULL || filename == NULL) {
                fprintf(stderr, "file_load(): mem or filename is NULL\n");
                exit(1);
        }

        /*  Skip configuration files:  */
        if (filename[0] == '@')
                return;

        debug("loading %s%s\n", filename, verbose >= 2? ":" : "");
        debug_indentation(iadd);

        old_quiet_mode = quiet_mode;
        if (verbose < 2)
                quiet_mode = 1;

        f = fopen(filename, "r");
        if (f == NULL) {
                file_load_raw(machine, mem, filename, entrypointp);
                goto ret;
        }

        fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);
        size = ftello(f);
        fseek(f, 0, SEEK_SET);

        memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
        len = fread(buf, 1, sizeof(buf), f);
        fseek(f, 510, SEEK_SET);
        len2 = fread(buf2, 1, sizeof(buf2), f);
        fclose(f);

        if (len < (signed int)sizeof(buf)) {
                fprintf(stderr, "\nThis file is too small to contain "
                    "anything useful\n");
                exit(1);
        }

        /*  Is it an ELF?  */
        if (buf[0] == 0x7f && buf[1]=='E' && buf[2]=='L' && buf[3]=='F') {
                file_load_elf(machine, mem, filename,
                    entrypointp, arch, gpp, byte_orderp, tocp);
                goto ret;
        }

        /*  Is it an a.out?  */
        if (buf[0]==0x00 && buf[1]==0x8b && buf[2]==0x01 && buf[3]==0x07) {
                /*  MIPS a.out  */
                file_load_aout(machine, mem, filename, 0,
                    entrypointp, arch, byte_orderp);
                goto ret;
        }
        if (buf[0]==0x00 && buf[1]==0x87 && buf[2]==0x01 && buf[3]==0x08) {
                /*  M68K a.out  */
                file_load_aout(machine, mem, filename,
                    AOUT_FLAG_VADDR_ZERO_HACK  /*  for OpenBSD/mac68k  */,
                    entrypointp, arch, byte_orderp);
                goto ret;
        }
        if (buf[0]==0x00 && buf[1]==0x8f && buf[2]==0x01 && buf[3]==0x0b) {
                /*  ARM a.out  */
                file_load_aout(machine, mem, filename, AOUT_FLAG_FROM_BEGINNING,
                    entrypointp, arch, byte_orderp);
                goto ret;
        }
        if (buf[0]==0x00 && buf[1]==0x86 && buf[2]==0x01 && buf[3]==0x0b) {
                /*  i386 a.out (old OpenBSD and NetBSD etc)  */
                file_load_aout(machine, mem, filename, AOUT_FLAG_FROM_BEGINNING,
                    entrypointp, arch, byte_orderp);
                goto ret;
        }
        if (buf[0]==0x01 && buf[1]==0x03 && buf[2]==0x01 && buf[3]==0x07) {
                /*  SPARC a.out (old 32-bit NetBSD etc)  */
                file_load_aout(machine, mem, filename, AOUT_FLAG_NO_SIZES,
                    entrypointp, arch, byte_orderp);
                goto ret;
        }
        if (buf[0]==0x00 && buf[2]==0x00 && buf[8]==0x7a && buf[9]==0x75) {
                /*  DEC OSF1 on MIPS:  */
                file_load_aout(machine, mem, filename, AOUT_FLAG_DECOSF1,
                    entrypointp, arch, byte_orderp);
                goto ret;
        }

        /*
         *  Is it a Mach-O file?
         */
        if (buf[0] == 0xfe && buf[1] == 0xed && buf[2] == 0xfa &&
            (buf[3] == 0xce || buf[3] == 0xcf)) {
                file_load_macho(machine, mem, filename, entrypointp,
                    arch, byte_orderp, buf[3] == 0xcf, 0);
                goto ret;
        }
        if ((buf[0] == 0xce || buf[0] == 0xcf) && buf[1] == 0xfa &&
            buf[2] == 0xed && buf[3] == 0xfe) {
                file_load_macho(machine, mem, filename, entrypointp,
                    arch, byte_orderp, buf[0] == 0xcf, 1);
                goto ret;
        }

        /*
         *  Is it an ecoff?
         *
         *  TODO: What's the deal with the magic value's byte order? Sometimes
         *  it seems to be reversed for BE when compared to LE, but not always?
         */
        if (buf[0]+256*buf[1] == ECOFF_MAGIC_MIPSEB ||
            buf[0]+256*buf[1] == ECOFF_MAGIC_MIPSEL ||
            buf[0]+256*buf[1] == ECOFF_MAGIC_MIPSEB2 ||
            buf[0]+256*buf[1] == ECOFF_MAGIC_MIPSEL2 ||
            buf[0]+256*buf[1] == ECOFF_MAGIC_MIPSEB3 ||
            buf[0]+256*buf[1] == ECOFF_MAGIC_MIPSEL3 ||
            buf[1]+256*buf[0] == ECOFF_MAGIC_MIPSEB ||
            buf[1]+256*buf[0] == ECOFF_MAGIC_MIPSEL ||
            buf[1]+256*buf[0] == ECOFF_MAGIC_MIPSEB2 ||
            buf[1]+256*buf[0] == ECOFF_MAGIC_MIPSEL2 ||
            buf[1]+256*buf[0] == ECOFF_MAGIC_MIPSEB3 ||
            buf[1]+256*buf[0] == ECOFF_MAGIC_MIPSEL3) {
                file_load_ecoff(machine, mem, filename, entrypointp,
                    arch, gpp, byte_orderp);
                goto ret;
        }

        /*  Is it a Motorola SREC file?  */
        if ((buf[0]=='S' && buf[1]>='0' && buf[1]<='9')) {
                file_load_srec(machine, mem, filename, entrypointp);
                goto ret;
        }

        /*  gzipped files are not supported:  */
        if (buf[0]==0x1f && buf[1]==0x8b) {
                fprintf(stderr, "\nYou need to gunzip the file before you"
                    " try to use it.\n");
                exit(1);
        }

        if (size > 24000000) {
                fprintf(stderr, "\nThis file is very large (%lli bytes)\n",
                    (long long)size);
                fprintf(stderr, "Are you sure it is a kernel and not a disk "
                    "image? (Use the -d option.)\n");
                exit(1);
        }

        if (size == 1474560)
                fprintf(stderr, "Hm... this file is the size of a 1.44 MB "
                    "floppy image. Maybe you forgot the\n-d switch?\n");

        /*
         *  Last resort:  symbol definitions from nm (or nm -S):
         *
         *  If the buf contains typical 'binary' characters, then print
         *  an error message and quit instead of assuming that it is a
         *  symbol file.
         */
        for (i=0; i<(signed)sizeof(buf); i++)
                if (buf[i] < 32 && buf[i] != '\t' &&
                    buf[i] != '\n' && buf[i] != '\r' &&
                    buf[i] != '\f') {
                        fprintf(stderr, "\nThe file format of '%s' is "
                            "unknown.\n\n ", filename);
                        for (i=0; i<(signed)sizeof(buf); i++)
                                fprintf(stderr, " %02x", buf[i]);

                        if (len2 == 2 && buf2[0] == 0x55 && buf2[1] == 0xaa)
                                fprintf(stderr, "\n\nIt has a PC-style "
                                    "bootsector marker.");

                        fprintf(stderr, "\n\nPossible explanations:\n\n"
                            "  o)  If this is a disk image, you forgot '-d' "
                            "on the command line.\n"
                            "  o)  This is an unsupported binary format.\n\n");
                        exit(1);
                }

        symbol_readfile(&machine->symbol_context, filename);

ret:
        debug_indentation(-iadd);
        quiet_mode = old_quiet_mode;
}
