/[gxemul]/trunk/man/gxemul.1
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revision 10 by dpavlin, Mon Oct 8 16:18:27 2007 UTC revision 34 by dpavlin, Mon Oct 8 16:21:17 2007 UTC
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1  .\" $Id: gxemul.1,v 1.24 2005/06/26 10:05:02 debug Exp $  .\" $Id: gxemul.1,v 1.85 2007/02/05 16:49:21 debug Exp $
2  .\"  .\"
3  .\" Copyright (C) 2004-2005  Anders Gavare.  All rights reserved.  .\" Copyright (C) 2004-2007  Anders Gavare.  All rights reserved.
4  .\"  .\"
5  .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without  .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
6  .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:  .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
# Line 29  Line 29 
29  .\" This is a minimal man page for GXemul. Process this file with  .\" This is a minimal man page for GXemul. Process this file with
30  .\"     groff -man -Tascii gxemul.1    or    nroff -man gxemul.1  .\"     groff -man -Tascii gxemul.1    or    nroff -man gxemul.1
31  .\"  .\"
32  .Dd JUNE 2005  .Dd FEBRUARY 2007
33  .Dt GXEMUL 1  .Dt GXEMUL 1
34  .Os  .Os
35  .Sh NAME  .Sh NAME
# Line 41  Line 41 
41  .Op file Ar ...  .Op file Ar ...
42  .Nm  .Nm
43  .Op general options  .Op general options
44  .Op Ar @configfile ...  .Ar @configfile
45  .Nm  .\" TODO: Reenable this once userland emulation works:
46  .Op userland, other, and general options  .\" .Nm
47  .Ar file Op Ar args ...  .\" .Op userland, other, and general options
48    .\" .Ar file Op Ar args ...
49  .Sh DESCRIPTION  .Sh DESCRIPTION
50  .Nm  .Nm
51  is an experimental instruction-level machine emulator. It can be used to  is an experimental instruction-level machine emulator. Several
52  run binary code for (among others) MIPS-based machines, regardless of host  emulation modes are available. In some modes, processors and surrounding
53  platform. Several emulation modes are available. For some modes,  hardware components are emulated well enough to let unmodified operating
54  processors and surrounding hardware components are emulated well enough to  systems (e.g. NetBSD) run inside the emulator as if they were running on a
55  let unmodified operating systems (e.g. NetBSD) run as if they were running  real machine.
56  on a real machine.  .Pp
57  .Pp  Processors (ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, SuperH) are emulated using dynamic translation.
58  There are three ways to invoke the emulator. When emulating a  However, unlike some other dynamically translating emulators, GXemul does
59  complete machine, settings can be entered directly on the command line, or  not need to generate native code, only a "runnable intermediate
60  they can be read from a configuration file. When emulating a userland  representation", and will thus run on any host architecture, without the
61  environment (syscall-only emulation, not emulating complete machines),  need to implement per-architecture backends.
62  then the program name and its argument should be given on the command  .Pp
63  line.  The emulator can be invoked in the following ways:
64    .Pp
65    1. When emulating a complete machine, configuration options can be entered
66    directly on the command line.
67    .Pp
68    2. Options can be read from a configuration file.
69    .\" .Pp
70    .\" 3. When emulating a userland environment (syscall-only emulation, not
71    .\" emulating complete machines), then the program name and its argument
72    .\" should be given on the command line. (This mode doesn't really work yet,
73    .\" and is disabled for stable release builds.)
74  .Pp  .Pp
75  The easiest way to use the emulator is to supply settings directly on the  The easiest way to use the emulator is to supply settings directly on the
76  command line. The most important thing you need to supply is the  command line. The most important thing you need to supply is the
77  file argument. This is the name of a binary file (an ELF, a.out, ECOFF,  file argument. This is the name of a binary file (an ELF, a.out, COFF/ECOFF,
78  SREC, or a raw binary image) which you wish to run in the emulator. This file  SREC, or a raw binary image) which you wish to run in the emulator. This file
79  might be an operating system kernel, or perhaps a ROM image file.  might be an operating system kernel, or perhaps a ROM image file.
80  .Pp  .Pp
# Line 78  from SGI. Use Line 89  from SGI. Use
89  .Fl H  .Fl H
90  to get a list of available emulation modes.  to get a list of available emulation modes.
91  .Pp  .Pp
92  There are two exceptions to the normal invocation usage mentioned above.  There are three exceptions to the normal invocation usage mentioned above.
93  The first is for DECstation emulation: if you have a bootable  .Pp
94  DECstation harddisk or CDROM image, then just supplying the diskimage via  1. For DECstation emulation, if you have a bootable DECstation harddisk or
95  the  CDROM image, then just supplying the diskimage via the
96  .Fl d  .Fl d
97  option is sufficient. (The filename of the kernel can then be  option is sufficient. The filename of the kernel can then be
98  skipped, as the emulator runs the bootblocks from the diskimage directly and  skipped, as the emulator runs the bootblocks from the diskimage directly and
99  doesn't need the kernel as a separate file.)  doesn't need the kernel as a separate file.
100  The second is if you supply an ISO9660 CDROM disk image. You may then use  .Pp
101  the  2. If you supply an ISO9660 CDROM disk image, then using the
102    .Fl j
103    option to indicate a file on the CDROM filesystem to load is sufficient;
104    no additional kernel filename needs to be supplied on the command line.
105    .Pp
106    3. For Dreamcast emulation, when booting e.g. a NetBSD/dreamcast CDROM
107    image, it is enough to supply the disk image (with the correct ISO
108    partition start offset). Bootblocks will be read directly from the CDROM
109    image, and there is no need to supply the name of an external kernel on
110    the command line.
111    .Pp
112    Gzipped kernels are automatically unzipped, by calling the external gunzip
113    program, both when specifying a gzipped file directly on the command line
114    and when loading such a file using the
115  .Fl j  .Fl j
116  option to indicate which file on the CDROM filesystem that should be  option.
 loaded into emulated memory.  
117  .Pp  .Pp
118  Machine selection options:  Machine selection options:
119  .Bl -tag -width Ds  .Bl -tag -width Ds
120  .It Fl E Ar t  .It Fl E Ar t
121  Try to emulate machine type  Try to emulate machine type
122  .Ar "t".  .Ar "t".
123    This option is not always needed, if the
124    .Fl e
125    option uniquely selects a machine.
126  (Use  (Use
127  .Fl H  .Fl H
128  to get a list of types.)  to get a list of types.)
# Line 110  Use this together with Line 136  Use this together with
136  .Pp  .Pp
137  Other options:  Other options:
138  .Bl -tag -width Ds  .Bl -tag -width Ds
 .It Fl B  
 Disable dynamic binary translation. By default, bintrans  
 will be turned on if the host+target architecture combination is  
 supported.  
139  .It Fl C Ar x  .It Fl C Ar x
140  Try to emulate a specific CPU type,  Try to emulate a specific CPU type,
141  .Ar "x".  .Ar "x".
# Line 121  This overrides the default CPU type for Line 143  This overrides the default CPU type for
143  (Use  (Use
144  .Fl H  .Fl H
145  to get a list of available CPU types.)  to get a list of available CPU types.)
146  .It Fl d Ar name  .It Fl d Ar [modifiers:]filename
147  Add  Add
148  .Ar name  .Ar filename
149  as a disk image. By adding one or more modifier characters and then a  as a disk image. By adding one or more modifier characters and then a
150  colon (":") as a prefix to  colon (":") as a prefix to
151  .Ar "name",  .Ar filename,
152  you can modify the way the disk image is treated. Available modifiers are:  you can modify the way the disk image is treated. Available modifiers are:
153  .Bl -tag -width Ds  .Bl -tag -width Ds
154  .It b  .It b
# Line 141  FLOPPY. Line 163  FLOPPY.
163  Override the default geometry; use H heads and S sectors-per-track.  Override the default geometry; use H heads and S sectors-per-track.
164  (The number of cylinders is calculated automatically.)  (The number of cylinders is calculated automatically.)
165  .It i  .It i
166  IDE.  IDE. (This is the default for most machine types.)
167    .It oOFS;
168    Set the base offset for an ISO9660 filesystem on a disk image. The default
169    is 0. A suitable offset when booting from Dreamcast ISO9660 filesystem
170    images, which are offset by 11702 sectors, is 23965696.
171  .It r  .It r
172  Read-only (don't allow changes to be written to the file).  Read-only (don't allow changes to be written to the file).
173  .It s  .It s
174  SCSI (this is the default for most machine types).  SCSI.
175  .It t  .It t
176  Tape.  Tape.
177  .It 0-7  .It 0-7
178  Force a specific ID number.  Force a specific ID number.
179  .El  .El
180  .Pp  .Pp
181  Unless otherwise specified, filenames ending with ".iso" are assumed to be  For SCSI devices, the ID number is the SCSI ID. For IDE harddisks, the ID
182  CDROM images. Most others are assumed to be disks. Depending on which  number has the following meaning:
183  machine is being emulated, the default for disks can be either SCSI or  .Bl -tag -width Ds
184  IDE. Some disk images that are very small are assumed to be floppy disks.  .It 0
185  (If you are not happy with the way a disk image is detected, then you need  Primary master.
186  to use explicit prefixes to force a specific type.)  .It 1
187    Primary slave.
188    .It 2
189    Secondary master.
190    .It 3
191    Secondary slave.
192    .El
193    .Pp
194    Unless otherwise specified, filenames ending with ".iso" or ".cdr" are
195    assumed to be CDROM images. Most others are assumed to be disks. Depending
196    on which machine is being emulated, the default for disks can be either
197    SCSI or IDE. Some disk images that are very small are assumed to be floppy
198    disks. (If you are not happy with the way a disk image is detected, then
199    you need to use explicit prefixes to force a specific type.)
200  .Pp  .Pp
201  For floppies, the gH;S; prefix is ignored. Instead, the number of  For floppies, the gH;S; prefix is ignored. Instead, the number of
202  heads and cylinders are assumed to be 2 and 80, respectively, and the  heads and cylinders are assumed to be 2 and 80, respectively, and the
203  number of sectors per track is calculated automatically. (This works for  number of sectors per track is calculated automatically. (This works for
204  720KB, 1.2MB, 1.44MB, and 2.88MB floppies.)  720KB, 1.2MB, 1.44MB, and 2.88MB floppies.)
205  .It Fl I Ar x  .It Fl G Ar port
206  Emulate clock interrupts at  Pause at startup, and listen to TCP port
207  .Ar x  .Ar port
208  Hz. (This affects emulated clock devices only, not actual runtime speed.  for incoming remote GDB connections. The emulator starts up in paused
209  This disables automatic clock adjustments, which is otherwise turned on.)  mode, and it is up to the remote GDB instance to start the session.
210  (This option is probably only valid for DECstation emulation.)  .It Fl I Ar hz
211    Set the main CPUs frequency to
212    .Ar hz
213    Hz. This option does not work for all emulated machine modes. It affects
214    the way count/compare interrupts are faked to simulate emulated time =
215    real world time. If the guest operating system relies on RTC interrupts
216    instead of count/compare interrupts, then this option has no effect.
217    .Pp
218    Setting the frequency to zero disables automatic synchronization of
219    emulated time vs real world time, and the count/compare system runs at a
220    fixed rate.
221  .It Fl i  .It Fl i
222  Display each instruction as it is being executed.  Enable instruction trace, i.e. display disassembly of each instruction as
223    it is being executed.
224  .It Fl J  .It Fl J
225  Disable some speed tricks.  Disable instruction combinations in the dynamic translator.
226  .It Fl j Ar n  .It Fl j Ar n
227  Set the name of the kernel to  Set the name of the kernel to
228  .Ar "n".  .Ar "n".
229  When booting from an ISO9660 filesystem, the emulator will try to boot  When booting from an ISO9660 filesystem, the emulator will try to boot
230  using this file. (In some emulation modes, eg. DECstation, this name is passed  using this file. (In some emulation modes, eg. DECstation, this name is passed
231  along to the boot program. Useful names are "bsd" for OpenBSD/pmax,  along to the boot program. Useful names are "bsd" for OpenBSD/pmax,
232  or "vmunix" for Ultrix.)  "vmunix" for Ultrix, or "vmsprite" for Sprite.)
233  .It Fl M Ar m  .It Fl M Ar m
234  Emulate  Emulate
235  .Ar m  .Ar m
236  MBs of physical RAM. This overrides the default amount of RAM for the  MBs of physical RAM. This overrides the default amount of RAM for the
237  selected machine type.  selected machine type.
 .It Fl m Ar nr  
 Run at most  
 .Ar nr  
 instructions (on any cpu).  
238  .It Fl N  .It Fl N
239  Display nr of instructions/second average, at regular intervals.  Display the number of executed instructions per second on average, at
240    regular intervals.
241  .It Fl n Ar nr  .It Fl n Ar nr
242  Set nr of CPUs (for SMP experiments).  Set the number of processors in the machine, for SMP experiments.
243    .Pp
244    Note 1: The emulator allocates quite a lot of virtual memory for
245    per-CPU translation tables. On 64-bit hosts, this is normally not a
246    problem. On 32-bit hosts, this can use up all available virtual userspace
247    memory. The solution is to either run the emulator on a 64-bit host,
248    or limit the number of emulated CPUs to a reasonably low number.
249    .Pp
250    Note 2: SMP simulation is not working very well yet; multiple processors
251    are simulated, but synchronization between the processors does not map
252    very well to how real-world SMP systems work.
253  .It Fl O  .It Fl O
254  Force a "netboot" (tftp instead of disk), even when a disk image is  Force a "netboot" (tftp instead of disk), even when a disk image is
255  present (for DECstation, SGI, and ARC emulation).  present (for DECstation, SGI, and ARC emulation).
256  .It Fl o Ar arg  .It Fl o Ar arg
257  Set the boot argument (for DEC, ARC, or SGI emulation).  Set the boot argument (mostly useful for DEC, ARC, or SGI emulation).
258  Default  Default
259  .Ar arg  .Ar arg
260  for DEC is "-a", for ARC "-aN".  for DEC is "-a", for ARC/SGI it is "-aN", and for CATS it is "-A".
261  .It Fl p Ar pc  .It Fl p Ar pc
262  Add a breakpoint. (Remember to use the "0x" prefix for hex.)  Add a breakpoint.
263    .Ar pc
264    can be a symbol, or a numeric value. (Remember to use the "0x" prefix for
265    hexadecimal values.)
266  .It Fl Q  .It Fl Q
267  Disable the built-in PROM emulation. This is useful for running raw ROM  Disable the built-in (software-only) PROM emulation. This option is useful
268  images from real machines.  for experimenting with running raw ROM images from real machines. The default
269    behaviour of the emulator is to "fake" certain PROM calls used by guest
270    operating systems (e.g. NetBSD), so that no real PROM image is needed.
271  .It Fl R  .It Fl R
272  Use a random bootstrap cpu, instead of CPU nr 0. (For SMP experiments.)  Use a random bootstrap cpu, instead of CPU nr 0. (This option is only
273    meaningful together with the
274    .Fl n
275    option.)
276  .It Fl r  .It Fl r
277  Dump register contents for every executed instruction.  Dump register contents for every executed instruction.
278  .It Fl S  .It Fl S
279  Initialize the emulated RAM to random data, instead of zeroes.  Initialize emulated RAM to random data, instead of zeroes. This option
280    is useful when trying to trigger bugs in a program that occur because the
281    program assumed that uninitialized memory contains zeros. (Use with
282    care.)
283    .It Fl s Ar flags:filename
284    Gather statistics based on the current emulated program counter value,
285    while the program executes. The statistics is actually just a raw dump of
286    all program counter values in sequence, suitable for post-analysis with
287    separate tools. Output is appended to
288    .Ar filename.
289    .Pp
290    The
291    .Ar flags
292    should include one or more of the following type specifiers:
293    .Bl -tag -width Ds
294    .It v
295    Virtual. This means that the program counter value is used.
296    .It p
297    Physical. This means that the physical address of where the program
298    is actually running is used.
299    .It i
300    Instruction call. This type of statistics gathering is practically only
301    useful during development of the emulator itself. The output is a list of
302    addresses of instruction call functions (ic->f), which after some
303    post-processing can be used as a basis for deciding when to implement
304    instruction combinations.
305    .El
306    .Pp
307    The
308    .Ar flags
309    may also include the following optional modifiers:
310    .Bl -tag -width Ds
311    .It d
312    Disabled at startup.
313    .It o
314    Overwrite the file, instead of appending to it.
315    .El
316    .Pp
317    Statistics gathering can be enabled/disabled at runtime by using the
318    "statistics_enabled = yes" and "statistics_enabled = no" debugger
319    commands.
320    .Pp
321    When gathering instruction statistics using the
322    .Fl s
323    option, instruction combinations and native code generation
324    are always disabled (i.e. implicit
325    .Fl J
326    and
327    .Fl B
328    flags are added to the command line).
329    .Pp
330    If a value is missing (e.g. the end-of-page slot does not really have a
331    known physical address), it is written out as just a dash ("-").
332  .It Fl T  .It Fl T
333  Enter the single-step debugger on unimplemented memory accesses.  Halt if the emulated program attempts to access non-existing memory.
334  .It Fl t  .It Fl t
335  Show a trace tree of all function calls being made.  Show a trace tree of all function calls being made.
336  .It Fl U  .It Fl U
337  Enable slow_serial_interrupts_hack_for_linux.  Enable slow_serial_interrupts_hack_for_linux.
338  .It Fl X  .It Fl X
339  Use X11.  Use X11. This option enables graphical framebuffers.
340  .It Fl x  .It Fl x
341  Open up new xterms for emulated serial ports. (Default is to open up  Open up new xterms for emulated serial ports. The default behaviour is to
342  xterms when using configuration files, but not when starting an  open up xterms when using configuration files, or if X11 is enabled. When
343  emulation with settings directly on the command line.)  starting up a simple emulation session with settings directly on the
344    command line, and neither
345    .Fl X
346    nor
347    .Fl x
348    is used, then all output is confined to the terminal that
349    .Nm
350    started in.
351  .It Fl Y Ar n  .It Fl Y Ar n
352  Scale down framebuffer windows by  Scale down framebuffer windows by
353  .Ar n  .Ar n
354  x  x
355  .Ar n  .Ar n
356  times.  times. This option is useful when emulating a very large framebuffer, and
357  .It Fl y Ar x  the actual display is of lower resolution. If
358  Set max_random_cycles_per_chunk to  .Ar n
359  .Ar x  is negative, then there will be no scaledown, but emulation of certain
360  (experimental).  graphic controllers will be scaled up
361    by
362    .Ar -n
363    times instead. E.g. Using
364    .Ar -2
365    with VGA text mode emulation will result in 80x25 character cells rendered
366    in a 1280x800 window, instead of the normal resolution of 640x400.
367  .It Fl Z Ar n  .It Fl Z Ar n
368  Set the number of graphics cards, for emulating a dual-head or tripple-head  Set the number of graphics cards, for emulating a dual-head or tripple-head
369  environment. (Only for DECstation emulation so far.)  environment. (Only for DECstation emulation so far.)
# Line 243  Add Line 373  Add
373  as an X11 display to use for framebuffers.  as an X11 display to use for framebuffers.
374  .El  .El
375  .Pp  .Pp
376  Userland options:  .\" Userland options:
377  .Bl -tag -width Ds  .\" .Bl -tag -width Ds
378  .It Fl u Ar emul-mode  .\" .It Fl u Ar emul-mode
379  Userland-only (syscall) emulation. (Use  .\" Userland-only (syscall) emulation. (Use
380  .Fl H  .\" .Fl H
381  to get a list of available emulation modes.) Some (but not all) of the  .\" to get a list of available emulation modes.) Some (but not all) of the
382  options listed under Other options above can also be used with userland  .\" options listed under Other options above can also be used with
383  emulation.  .\" userland emulation.
384  .El  .\" .El
385  .Pp  .\" .Pp
386  General options:  General options:
387  .Bl -tag -width Ds  .Bl -tag -width Ds
388    .It Fl b
389    Enable native code generation at runtime. This is not really implemented
390    yet. Don't use it unless you know what you are doing. It will most
391    likely not work.
392    .It Fl B
393    Disable native code generation at runtime. (This is the default in
394    GXemul 0.4.4; there are no implemented native code generation backends.)
395    .It Fl c Ar cmd
396    Add
397    .Ar cmd
398    as a command to run before starting the simulation. A similar effect can
399    be achieved by using the
400    .Fl V
401    option, and entering the commands manually.
402  .It Fl D  .It Fl D
403  Guarantee fully deterministic behavior. Normally, the emulator calls  Causes the emulator to skip a call to srandom(). This leads to somewhat
404  srandom() with a seed based on the current time at startup. When the  more deterministic behaviour than running without this option.
405  .Fl D  However, if the emulated machine has clocks or timer interrupt sources,
406  option is used, the srandom() call is skipped, which should cause two  or if user interaction is taking place (e.g. keyboard input at irregular
407  subsequent invocations of the emulator to be identical, if all other  intervals), then this option is meaningless.
 settings are identical and no user input is taking place. (If this option  
 is used, then  
 .Fl I  
 must also be used.)  
408  .It Fl H  .It Fl H
409  Display a list of available CPU types, machine types, and userland  Display a list of available CPU types, machine types, and userland
410  emulation modes. (Most of these don't work. Please read the documentation  emulation modes. (Most of these don't work. Please read the documentation
411  included in the  included in the
412  .Nm  .Nm
413  distribution for details on which modes that actually work.)  distribution for details on which modes that actually work. Userland
414    emulation is not included in stable release builds, since it doesn't work
415    yet.)
416  .It Fl h  .It Fl h
417  Display a list of all available command line options.  Display a list of all available command line options.
418    .It Fl k Ar n
419    Set the size of the dyntrans cache (per emulated CPU) to
420    .Ar n
421    MB. The default size is 32 MB.
422  .It Fl K  .It Fl K
423  Force the single-step debugger to be entered at the end of a simulation.  Force the single-step debugger to be entered at the end of a simulation.
424  .It Fl q  .It Fl q
425  Quiet mode; this suppresses startup messages.  Quiet mode; this suppresses startup messages.
426  .It Fl s  .\".It Fl s
427  Show opcode usage statistics after the simulation.  .\"For MIPS emulation: Show opcode usage statistics after the simulation.
428    .\"For non-MIPS emulation (i.e. using dyntrans): Save statistics to a file
429    .\"at regular intervals of which physical addresses that were executed.
430  .It Fl V  .It Fl V
431  Start up in the single-step debugger, paused.  Start up in the single-step debugger, paused.
432  .It Fl v  .It Fl v
433  Verbose debug messages.  Increase verbosity (show more debug messages). This option can be used
434    multiple times.
435  .El  .El
436  .Pp  .Pp
437  Configuration file startup:  Configuration file startup:
# Line 300  distribution. Line 449  distribution.
449  The following command will start NetBSD/pmax on an emulated DECstation  The following command will start NetBSD/pmax on an emulated DECstation
450  5000/200 (3MAX):  5000/200 (3MAX):
451  .Pp  .Pp
452  .Dl "gxemul -E dec -e 3max -d nbsd_pmax.img"  .Dl "gxemul -e 3max -d nbsd_pmax.img"
453  .Pp  .Pp
454  nbsd_pmax.img should be a raw disk image containing a bootable  nbsd_pmax.img should be a raw disk image containing a bootable
455  NetBSD/pmax filesystem.  NetBSD/pmax filesystem.
# Line 318  emulated test machine in "paused" mode: Line 467  emulated test machine in "paused" mode:
467  .Pp  .Pp
468  .Dl "gxemul -E testmips -V hello_mips"  .Dl "gxemul -E testmips -V hello_mips"
469  .Pp  .Pp
470  (Paused mode means that you enter the interactive single-step debugger  Paused mode means that you enter the interactive single-step debugger
471  directly at startup, instead of launching the Hello World program.)  directly at startup, instead of launching the Hello World program.
472    .Pp
473    The paused mode is also what should be used when running "unknown" files
474    for the first time in the emulator. E.g. if you have a binary which you
475    think is some kind of MIPS ROM image, then you can try the following:
476    .Pp
477    .Dl "gxemul -vv -E baremips -V 0xbfc00000:image.raw"
478    .Pp
479    You can then use the single-stepping functionality of the built-in
480    debugger to run the code in the ROM image, to see how it behaves. Based on
481    that, you can deduce what machine type it was actually from (the
482    baremips machine is not a real machine), and perhaps try again with
483    another emulation mode.
484    .Pp
485    In general, however, real ROM images require much more emulation detail
486    than GXemul provides, so they can usually not run.
487  .Pp  .Pp
488  Please read the documentation for more details.  Please read the documentation for more details.
489  .Sh BUGS  .Sh BUGS
490  There are many bugs. Some of the known bugs are listed in the BUGS  There are many bugs. Some of the known bugs are mentioned in the TODO
491  file in the  file in the
492  .Nm  .Nm
493  source distribution, some are indirectly mentioned in the TODO file.  source distribution, some are marked as TODO in the source code itself.
494    .Pp
495    Userland (syscall-only) emulation, i.e. running a userland binary directly
496    without simulating an entire machine, doesn't really work yet.
497  .Pp  .Pp
498  The binary translation subsystem is really terrible, but it is less  The documentation sometimes only reflects the way things worked with
499  terrible than running without it.  the old MIPS emulation mode (prior to 0.4.0), and it is incorrect when
500    applied to current releases.
501  .Pp  .Pp
502  .Nm  .Nm
503  does not simulate individual pipe-line stages or penalties caused by  is in general not cycle-accurate; it does not simulate individual
504  branch-prediction misses or cache misses, so it cannot be used for  pipe-line stages or penalties caused by branch-prediction misses or
505  accurate performance measurement.  cache misses, so it cannot be used for accurate simulation of any actual
506    real-world processor.
507  .Pp  .Pp
508  .Nm  .Nm
509  is not timing-accurate.  is in general not timing-accurate. Some emulation modes
510    (DECstation, CATS, NetWinder, MobilePro (hpcmips), Malta (evbmips),
511    Cobalt, Algor, Dreamcast, PICA-61, and IQ80321) try to make the guest
512    operating system's clock run at the same speed as the host clock.
513    However, the number of instructions executed per clock tick can
514    obviously vary, depending on the current CPU load on the host.
515  .Sh AUTHOR  .Sh AUTHOR
516  Anders Gavare <anders@gavare.se>  GXemul is Copyright (C) 2003-2007 Anders Gavare <anders@gavare.se>
517  .Pp  .Pp
518  See http://gavare.se/gxemul/ for more information.  See http://gavare.se/gxemul/ for more information. For other Copyright
519    messages, see the corresponding parts of the source code and/or
520    documentation.
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