/[gxemul]/trunk/man/gxemul.1
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revision 12 by dpavlin, Mon Oct 8 16:18:38 2007 UTC revision 42 by dpavlin, Mon Oct 8 16:22:32 2007 UTC
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1  .\" $Id: gxemul.1,v 1.29 2005/08/10 15:51:09 debug Exp $  .\" $Id: gxemul.1,v 1.96 2007/06/15 21:43:53 debug Exp $
2  .\"  .\"
3  .\" Copyright (C) 2004-2005  Anders Gavare.  All rights reserved.  .\" Copyright (C) 2004-2007  Anders Gavare.  All rights reserved.
4  .\"  .\"
5  .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without  .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
6  .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:  .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
# Line 29  Line 29 
29  .\" This is a minimal man page for GXemul. Process this file with  .\" This is a minimal man page for GXemul. Process this file with
30  .\"     groff -man -Tascii gxemul.1    or    nroff -man gxemul.1  .\"     groff -man -Tascii gxemul.1    or    nroff -man gxemul.1
31  .\"  .\"
32  .Dd AUGUST 2005  .Dd JUNE 2007
33  .Dt GXEMUL 1  .Dt GXEMUL 1
34  .Os  .Os
35  .Sh NAME  .Sh NAME
# Line 41  Line 41 
41  .Op file Ar ...  .Op file Ar ...
42  .Nm  .Nm
43  .Op general options  .Op general options
44  .Op Ar @configfile ...  .Ar @configfile
45  .Nm  .Nm
46  .Op userland, other, and general options  .Op userland, other, and general options
47  .Ar file Op Ar args ...  .Ar file Op Ar args ...
48  .Sh DESCRIPTION  .Sh DESCRIPTION
49  .Nm  .Nm
50  is an experimental instruction-level machine emulator. It can be used to  is an experimental instruction-level machine emulator. Several
51  run binary code for MIPS-based machines, regardless of host  emulation modes are available. In some modes, processors and surrounding
52  platform. Several emulation modes are available. For some modes,  hardware components are emulated well enough to let unmodified operating
53  processors and surrounding hardware components are emulated well enough to  systems (e.g. NetBSD) run inside the emulator as if they were running on a
54  let unmodified operating systems (e.g. NetBSD) run as if they were running  real machine.
55  on a real machine.  .Pp
56  .Pp  Processors (ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, and SuperH) are emulated using dynamic
57  (Non-MIPS emulation modes are also under development, but so far none of  translation. However, unlike some other dynamically translating emulators,
58  those modes has reached the completeness required to run unmodified  GXemul does not need to generate native code, only a "runnable
59  operating systems.)  intermediate representation", and will thus run on any host architecture,
60  .Pp  without the need to implement per-architecture backends.
61  There are three ways to invoke the emulator. When emulating a  .Pp
62  complete machine, settings can be entered directly on the command line, or  The emulator can be invoked in the following ways:
63  they can be read from a configuration file. When emulating a userland  .Pp
64  environment (syscall-only emulation, not emulating complete machines),  1. When emulating a complete machine, configuration options can be
65  then the program name and its argument should be given on the command  supplied directly on the command line.
66  line.  .Pp
67    2. Options can be read from a configuration file.
68    .Pp
69    3. When emulating a userland environment (syscall-only emulation, not
70    emulating complete machines), then the program name and its argument
71    should be given on the command line. (This mode is not really usable yet.)
72  .Pp  .Pp
73  The easiest way to use the emulator is to supply settings directly on the  The easiest way to use the emulator is to supply settings directly on the
74  command line. The most important thing you need to supply is the  command line.
75  file argument. This is the name of a binary file (an ELF, a.out, ECOFF,  .Pp
76    The most important thing you need to supply is the
77    file argument. This is the name of a binary file (an ELF, a.out, COFF/ECOFF,
78  SREC, or a raw binary image) which you wish to run in the emulator. This file  SREC, or a raw binary image) which you wish to run in the emulator. This file
79  might be an operating system kernel, or perhaps a ROM image file.  might be an operating system kernel, or perhaps a ROM image file.
 .Pp  
80  If more than one filename is supplied, all files are loaded into memory,  If more than one filename is supplied, all files are loaded into memory,
81  and the entry point (if available) is taken from the last file.  and the entry point (if available) is taken from the last file.
82  .Pp  .Pp
83  Apart from the name of a binary file, it is also necessary to select  Apart from the name of a binary file, you must also use the
84  which specific emulation mode to use. For example, a MIPS-based machine  .Fl E
85  from DEC (a DECstation) is very different from a MIPS-based machine  and/or
86  from SGI. Use  .Fl e
87    options to select which emulation mode to use. This is necessary because
88    the emulator cannot in general deduce this from the file being executed.
89    For example, a MIPS-based machine from DEC (a DECstation) is very different
90    from a MIPS-based machine from SGI. Use
91  .Nm  .Nm
92  .Fl H  .Fl H
93  to get a list of available emulation modes.  to get a list of available emulation modes.
94  .Pp  .Pp
95  There are two exceptions to the normal invocation usage mentioned above.  There are three exceptions to the normal invocation usage mentioned above.
96  The first is for DECstation emulation: if you have a bootable  .Pp
97  DECstation harddisk or CDROM image, then just supplying the diskimage via  1. For DECstation emulation, if you have a bootable DECstation harddisk or
98  the  CDROM image, then just supplying the diskimage via the
99  .Fl d  .Fl d
100  option is sufficient. (The filename of the kernel can then be  option is sufficient. The filename of the kernel can then be
101  skipped, as the emulator runs the bootblocks from the diskimage directly and  skipped, as the emulator runs the bootblocks from the diskimage directly and
102  doesn't need the kernel as a separate file.)  doesn't need the kernel as a separate file.
103  The second is if you supply an ISO9660 CDROM disk image. You may then use  .Pp
104  the  2. If you supply an ISO9660 CDROM disk image, then using the
105    .Fl j
106    option to indicate a file on the CDROM filesystem to load is sufficient;
107    no additional kernel filename needs to be supplied on the command line.
108    .Pp
109    3. For Dreamcast emulation, when booting e.g. a NetBSD/dreamcast CDROM
110    image, it is enough to supply the disk image (with the correct ISO
111    partition start offset). Bootblocks will be read directly from the CDROM
112    image, and there is no need to supply the name of an external kernel on
113    the command line.
114    .Pp
115    Gzipped kernels are automatically unzipped, by calling the external gunzip
116    program, both when specifying a gzipped file directly on the command line
117    and when loading such a file using the
118  .Fl j  .Fl j
119  option to indicate which file on the CDROM filesystem that should be  option.
 loaded into emulated memory.  
120  .Pp  .Pp
121  Machine selection options:  Machine selection options:
122  .Bl -tag -width Ds  .Bl -tag -width Ds
# Line 117  Use this together with Line 139  Use this together with
139  .Pp  .Pp
140  Other options:  Other options:
141  .Bl -tag -width Ds  .Bl -tag -width Ds
 .It Fl A  
 Disable load/store alignment checks in some cases. This might give a small  
 increase in performance, but the emulator will not run correctly if the  
 emulated code actually tries to do unaligned loads or stores.  
 .It Fl B  
 Disable dynamic binary translation. By default, bintrans  
 will be turned on if the host+target architecture combination is  
 supported.  
142  .It Fl C Ar x  .It Fl C Ar x
143  Try to emulate a specific CPU type,  Try to emulate a specific CPU type,
144  .Ar "x".  .Ar "x".
# Line 132  This overrides the default CPU type for Line 146  This overrides the default CPU type for
146  (Use  (Use
147  .Fl H  .Fl H
148  to get a list of available CPU types.)  to get a list of available CPU types.)
149  .It Fl d Ar name  .It Fl d Ar [modifiers:]filename
150  Add  Add
151  .Ar name  .Ar filename
152  as a disk image. By adding one or more modifier characters and then a  as a disk image. By adding one or more modifier characters and then a
153  colon (":") as a prefix to  colon (":") as a prefix to
154  .Ar "name",  .Ar filename,
155  you can modify the way the disk image is treated. Available modifiers are:  you can modify the way the disk image is treated. Available modifiers are:
156  .Bl -tag -width Ds  .Bl -tag -width Ds
157  .It b  .It b
# Line 152  FLOPPY. Line 166  FLOPPY.
166  Override the default geometry; use H heads and S sectors-per-track.  Override the default geometry; use H heads and S sectors-per-track.
167  (The number of cylinders is calculated automatically.)  (The number of cylinders is calculated automatically.)
168  .It i  .It i
169  IDE.  IDE. (This is the default for most machine types.)
170    .It oOFS;
171    Set the base offset for an ISO9660 filesystem on a disk image. The default
172    is 0. A suitable offset when booting from Dreamcast ISO9660 filesystem
173    images, which are offset by 11702 sectors, is 23965696.
174  .It r  .It r
175  Read-only (don't allow changes to be written to the file).  Read-only (don't allow changes to be written to the file).
176  .It s  .It s
177  SCSI (this is the default for most machine types).  SCSI.
178  .It t  .It t
179  Tape.  Tape.
180    .It V
181    Add an overlay filename to an already defined disk image.
182    (A ID number must also be specified when this flag is used. See the
183    documentation for an example of how to use overlays.)
184  .It 0-7  .It 0-7
185  Force a specific ID number.  Force a specific ID number.
186  .El  .El
187  .Pp  .Pp
188  Unless otherwise specified, filenames ending with ".iso" are assumed to be  For SCSI devices, the ID number is the SCSI ID. For IDE harddisks, the ID
189  CDROM images. Most others are assumed to be disks. Depending on which  number has the following meaning:
190  machine is being emulated, the default for disks can be either SCSI or  .Bl -tag -width Ds
191  IDE. Some disk images that are very small are assumed to be floppy disks.  .It 0
192  (If you are not happy with the way a disk image is detected, then you need  Primary master.
193  to use explicit prefixes to force a specific type.)  .It 1
194    Primary slave.
195    .It 2
196    Secondary master.
197    .It 3
198    Secondary slave.
199    .El
200    .Pp
201    Unless otherwise specified, filenames ending with ".iso" or ".cdr" are
202    assumed to be CDROM images. Most others are assumed to be disks. Depending
203    on which machine is being emulated, the default for disks can be either
204    SCSI or IDE. Some disk images that are very small are assumed to be floppy
205    disks. (If you are not happy with the way a disk image is detected, then
206    you need to use explicit prefixes to force a specific type.)
207  .Pp  .Pp
208  For floppies, the gH;S; prefix is ignored. Instead, the number of  For floppies, the gH;S; prefix is ignored. Instead, the number of
209  heads and cylinders are assumed to be 2 and 80, respectively, and the  heads and cylinders are assumed to be 2 and 80, respectively, and the
210  number of sectors per track is calculated automatically. (This works for  number of sectors per track is calculated automatically. (This works for
211  720KB, 1.2MB, 1.44MB, and 2.88MB floppies.)  720KB, 1.2MB, 1.44MB, and 2.88MB floppies.)
212  .It Fl I Ar x  .It Fl I Ar hz
213  Emulate clock interrupts at  Set the main CPU's frequency to
214  .Ar x  .Ar hz
215  Hz. (This affects emulated clock devices only, not actual runtime speed.  Hz. This option does not work for all emulated machine modes. It affects
216  This disables automatic clock adjustments, which is otherwise turned on.)  the way count/compare interrupts are faked to simulate emulated time =
217  (This option is probably only valid for DECstation emulation.)  real world time. If the guest operating system relies on RTC interrupts
218    instead of count/compare interrupts, then this option has no effect.
219    .Pp
220    Setting the frequency to zero disables automatic synchronization of
221    emulated time vs real world time, and the count/compare system runs at a
222    fixed rate.
223  .It Fl i  .It Fl i
224  Display each instruction as it is being executed.  Enable instruction trace, i.e. display disassembly of each instruction as
225    it is being executed.
226  .It Fl J  .It Fl J
227  Disable some speed tricks.  Disable instruction combinations in the dynamic translator.
228  .It Fl j Ar n  .It Fl j Ar n
229  Set the name of the kernel to  Set the name of the kernel to
230  .Ar "n".  .Ar "n".
231  When booting from an ISO9660 filesystem, the emulator will try to boot  When booting from an ISO9660 filesystem, the emulator will try to boot
232  using this file. (In some emulation modes, eg. DECstation, this name is passed  using this file. (In some emulation modes, eg. DECstation, this name is passed
233  along to the boot program. Useful names are "bsd" for OpenBSD/pmax,  along to the boot program. Useful names are "bsd" for OpenBSD/pmax,
234  or "vmunix" for Ultrix.)  "vmunix" for Ultrix, or "vmsprite" for Sprite.)
235  .It Fl M Ar m  .It Fl M Ar m
236  Emulate  Emulate
237  .Ar m  .Ar m
238  MBs of physical RAM. This overrides the default amount of RAM for the  MBs of physical RAM. This overrides the default amount of RAM for the
239  selected machine type.  selected machine type.
 .It Fl m Ar nr  
 Run at most  
 .Ar nr  
 instructions (on any cpu).  
240  .It Fl N  .It Fl N
241  Display nr of instructions/second average, at regular intervals.  Display the number of executed instructions per second on average, at
242    regular intervals.
243  .It Fl n Ar nr  .It Fl n Ar nr
244  Set nr of CPUs (for SMP experiments).  Set the number of processors in the machine, for SMP experiments.
245    .Pp
246    Note 1: The emulator allocates quite a lot of virtual memory for
247    per-CPU translation tables. On 64-bit hosts, this is normally not a
248    problem. On 32-bit hosts, this can use up all available virtual userspace
249    memory. The solution is to either run the emulator on a 64-bit host,
250    or limit the number of emulated CPUs to a reasonably low number.
251    .Pp
252    Note 2: SMP simulation is not working very well yet; multiple processors
253    are simulated, but synchronization between the processors does not map
254    very well to how real-world SMP systems work.
255  .It Fl O  .It Fl O
256  Force a "netboot" (tftp instead of disk), even when a disk image is  Force a "netboot" (tftp instead of disk), even when a disk image is
257  present (for DECstation, SGI, and ARC emulation).  present (for DECstation, SGI, and ARC emulation).
258  .It Fl o Ar arg  .It Fl o Ar arg
259  Set the boot argument (for DEC, ARC, or SGI emulation).  Set the boot argument (mostly useful for DEC, ARC, or SGI emulation).
260  Default  Default
261  .Ar arg  .Ar arg
262  for DEC is "-a", for ARC "-aN".  for DEC is "-a", for ARC/SGI it is "-aN", and for CATS it is "-A".
263  .It Fl p Ar pc  .It Fl p Ar pc
264  Add a breakpoint. (Remember to use the "0x" prefix for hex.)  Add a breakpoint.
265    .Ar pc
266    can be a symbol, or a numeric value. (Remember to use the "0x" prefix for
267    hexadecimal values.)
268  .It Fl Q  .It Fl Q
269  Disable the built-in PROM emulation. This is useful for running raw ROM  Disable the built-in (software-only) PROM emulation. This option is useful
270  images from real machines.  for experimenting with running raw ROM images from real machines. The default
271    behaviour of the emulator is to "fake" certain PROM calls used by guest
272    operating systems (e.g. NetBSD), so that no real PROM image is needed.
273  .It Fl R  .It Fl R
274  Use a random bootstrap cpu, instead of CPU nr 0. (For SMP experiments.)  Use a random bootstrap cpu, instead of CPU nr 0. (This option is only
275    meaningful together with the
276    .Fl n
277    option.)
278  .It Fl r  .It Fl r
279  Dump register contents for every executed instruction.  Dump register contents for every executed instruction.
280  .It Fl S  .It Fl S
281  Initialize the emulated RAM to random data, instead of zeroes.  Initialize emulated RAM to random data, instead of zeroes. This option
282    is useful when trying to trigger bugs in a program that occur because the
283    program assumed that uninitialized memory contains zeros. (Use with
284    care.)
285    .It Fl s Ar flags:filename
286    Gather statistics based on the current emulated program counter value,
287    while the program executes. The statistics is actually just a raw dump of
288    all program counter values in sequence, suitable for post-analysis with
289    separate tools. Output is appended to
290    .Ar filename.
291    .Pp
292    The
293    .Ar flags
294    should include one or more of the following type specifiers:
295    .Bl -tag -width Ds
296    .It v
297    Virtual. This means that the program counter value is used.
298    .It p
299    Physical. This means that the physical address of where the program
300    is actually running is used.
301    .It i
302    Instruction call. This type of statistics gathering is practically only
303    useful during development of the emulator itself. The output is a list of
304    addresses of instruction call functions (ic->f), which after some
305    post-processing can be used as a basis for deciding when to implement
306    instruction combinations.
307    .El
308    .Pp
309    The
310    .Ar flags
311    may also include the following optional modifiers:
312    .Bl -tag -width Ds
313    .It d
314    Disabled at startup.
315    .It o
316    Overwrite the file, instead of appending to it.
317    .El
318    .Pp
319    Statistics gathering can be enabled/disabled at runtime by using the
320    "statistics_enabled = yes" and "statistics_enabled = no" debugger
321    commands.
322    .Pp
323    When gathering instruction statistics using the
324    .Fl s
325    option, instruction combinations and native code generation
326    are always disabled (i.e. implicit
327    .Fl J
328    and
329    .Fl B
330    flags are added to the command line).
331  .It Fl T  .It Fl T
332  Enter the single-step debugger on unimplemented memory accesses.  Halt if the emulated program attempts to access non-existing memory.
333  .It Fl t  .It Fl t
334  Show a trace tree of all function calls being made.  Show a trace tree of all function calls being made.
335  .It Fl U  .It Fl U
336  Enable slow_serial_interrupts_hack_for_linux.  Enable slow_serial_interrupts_hack_for_linux.
337  .It Fl X  .It Fl X
338  Use X11.  Use X11. This option enables graphical framebuffers.
339  .It Fl x  .It Fl x
340  Open up new xterms for emulated serial ports. (Default is to open up  Open up new xterms for emulated serial ports. The default behaviour is to
341  xterms when using configuration files, but not when starting an  open up xterms when using configuration files, or if X11 is enabled. When
342  emulation with settings directly on the command line.)  starting up a simple emulation session with settings directly on the
343    command line, and neither
344    .Fl X
345    nor
346    .Fl x
347    is used, then all output is confined to the terminal that
348    .Nm
349    started in.
350  .It Fl Y Ar n  .It Fl Y Ar n
351  Scale down framebuffer windows by  Scale down framebuffer windows by
352  .Ar n  .Ar n
353  x  x
354  .Ar n  .Ar n
355  times.  times. This option is useful when emulating a very large framebuffer, and
356  .It Fl y Ar x  the actual display is of lower resolution. If
357  Set max_random_cycles_per_chunk to  .Ar n
358  .Ar x  is negative, then there will be no scaledown, but emulation of certain
359  (experimental).  graphic controllers will be scaled up
360    by
361    .Ar -n
362    times instead. E.g. Using
363    .Ar -2
364    with VGA text mode emulation will result in 80x25 character cells rendered
365    in a 1280x800 window, instead of the normal resolution of 640x400.
366  .It Fl Z Ar n  .It Fl Z Ar n
367  Set the number of graphics cards, for emulating a dual-head or tripple-head  Set the number of graphics cards, for emulating a dual-head or tripple-head
368  environment. (Only for DECstation emulation so far.)  environment. (Only for DECstation emulation so far.)
# Line 260  Userland options: Line 378  Userland options:
378  Userland-only (syscall) emulation. (Use  Userland-only (syscall) emulation. (Use
379  .Fl H  .Fl H
380  to get a list of available emulation modes.) Some (but not all) of the  to get a list of available emulation modes.) Some (but not all) of the
381  options listed under Other options above can also be used with userland  options listed under Other options above can also be used with
382  emulation.  userland emulation.
383    .Pp
384    Note: Userland (syscall) emulation does not really work yet.
385  .El  .El
386  .Pp  .Pp
387  General options:  General options:
388  .Bl -tag -width Ds  .Bl -tag -width Ds
389    .It Fl b
390    Enable native code generation at runtime. This is not really implemented
391    yet. Don't use it unless you know what you are doing. It will most
392    likely not work.
393    .It Fl B
394    Disable native code generation at runtime. This is the default in this
395    release of GXemul.
396    .It Fl c Ar cmd
397    Add
398    .Ar cmd
399    as a command to run before starting the simulation. A similar effect can
400    be achieved by using the
401    .Fl V
402    option, and entering the commands manually.
403  .It Fl D  .It Fl D
404  Guarantee fully deterministic behavior. Normally, the emulator calls  Causes the emulator to skip a call to srandom(). This leads to somewhat
405  srandom() with a seed based on the current time at startup. When the  more deterministic behaviour than running without this option.
406  .Fl D  However, if the emulated machine has clocks or timer interrupt sources,
407  option is used, the srandom() call is skipped, which should cause two  or if user interaction is taking place (e.g. keyboard input at irregular
408  subsequent invocations of the emulator to be identical, if all other  intervals), then this option is meaningless.
 settings are identical and no user input is taking place. (If this option  
 is used, then  
 .Fl I  
 must also be used.)  
409  .It Fl H  .It Fl H
410  Display a list of available CPU types, machine types, and userland  Display a list of available CPU types, machine types, and userland
411  emulation modes. (Most of these don't work. Please read the documentation  emulation modes. (Most of these don't work. Please read the documentation
412  included in the  included in the
413  .Nm  .Nm
414  distribution for details on which modes that actually work.)  distribution for details on which modes that actually work. Userland
415    emulation is not included in stable release builds, since it doesn't work
416    yet.)
417  .It Fl h  .It Fl h
418  Display a list of all available command line options.  Display a list of all available command line options.
419    .It Fl k Ar n
420    Set the size of the dyntrans cache (per emulated CPU) to
421    .Ar n
422    MB. The default size is 48 MB.
423  .It Fl K  .It Fl K
424  Force the single-step debugger to be entered at the end of a simulation.  Force the single-step debugger to be entered at the end of a simulation.
425  .It Fl q  .It Fl q
426  Quiet mode; this suppresses startup messages.  Quiet mode; this suppresses startup messages.
 .It Fl s  
 Show opcode usage statistics after the simulation.  
427  .It Fl V  .It Fl V
428  Start up in the single-step debugger, paused.  Start up in the single-step debugger, paused.
429  .It Fl v  .It Fl v
430  Verbose debug messages.  Increase verbosity (show more debug messages). This option can be used
431    multiple times.
432  .El  .El
433  .Pp  .Pp
434  Configuration file startup:  Configuration file startup:
# Line 329  emulated test machine in "paused" mode: Line 464  emulated test machine in "paused" mode:
464  .Pp  .Pp
465  .Dl "gxemul -E testmips -V hello_mips"  .Dl "gxemul -E testmips -V hello_mips"
466  .Pp  .Pp
467  (Paused mode means that you enter the interactive single-step debugger  Paused mode means that you enter the interactive single-step debugger
468  directly at startup, instead of launching the Hello World program.)  directly at startup, instead of launching the Hello World program.
469    .Pp
470    The paused mode is also what should be used when running "unknown" files
471    for the first time in the emulator. E.g. if you have a binary which you
472    think is some kind of MIPS ROM image, then you can try the following:
473    .Pp
474    .Dl "gxemul -vv -E baremips -V 0xbfc00000:image.raw"
475    .Pp
476    You can then use the single-stepping functionality of the built-in
477    debugger to run the code in the ROM image, to see how it behaves. Based on
478    that, you can deduce what machine type it was actually from (the
479    baremips machine is not a real machine), and perhaps try again with
480    another emulation mode.
481    .Pp
482    In general, however, real ROM images require much more emulation detail
483    than GXemul provides, so they can usually not run.
484  .Pp  .Pp
485  Please read the documentation for more details.  Please read the documentation for more details.
486  .Sh BUGS  .Sh BUGS
487  There are many bugs. Some of the known bugs are listed in the BUGS  There are many bugs. Some of the known bugs are mentioned in the TODO
488  file in the  file in the
489  .Nm  .Nm
490  source distribution, some are indirectly mentioned in the TODO file,  source distribution, some are marked as TODO in the source code itself.
 and some are mentioned in the source code itself.  
 .Pp  
 The binary translation subsystem is really terrible, but it is less  
 terrible than running without it.  
491  .Pp  .Pp
492  Userland (syscall-only) emulation doesn't really work yet.  Userland (syscall-only) emulation, i.e. running a userland binary directly
493    without simulating an entire machine, doesn't really work yet.
494  .Pp  .Pp
495  .Nm  .Nm
496  does not simulate individual pipe-line stages or penalties caused by  is in general not cycle-accurate; it does not simulate individual
497  branch-prediction misses or cache misses, so it cannot be used for  pipe-line stages or penalties caused by branch-prediction misses or
498  accurate performance measurement.  cache misses, so it cannot be used for accurate simulation of any actual
499    real-world processor.
500  .Pp  .Pp
501  .Nm  .Nm
502  is not timing-accurate.  is in general not timing-accurate. Many emulation modes try to make the
503    guest operating system's clock run at the same speed as the host clock.
504    However, the number of instructions executed per clock tick can
505    obviously vary, depending on the current CPU load on the host.
506  .Sh AUTHOR  .Sh AUTHOR
507  Anders Gavare <anders@gavare.se>  GXemul is Copyright (C) 2003-2007 Anders Gavare <anders@gavare.se>
508  .Pp  .Pp
509  See http://gavare.se/gxemul/ for more information.  See http://gavare.se/gxemul/ for more information. For other Copyright
510    messages, see the corresponding parts of the source code and/or
511    documentation.
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