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4  <table border=0 width=100% bgcolor="#d0d0d0"><tr>  <table border=0 width=100% bgcolor="#d0d0d0"><tr>
5  <td width=100% align=center valign=center><table border=0 width=100%><tr>  <td width=100% align=center valign=center><table border=0 width=100%><tr>
6  <td align="left" valign=center bgcolor="#d0efff"><font color="#6060e0" size="6">  <td align="left" valign=center bgcolor="#d0efff"><font color="#6060e0" size="6">
7  <b>Gavare's eXperimental Emulator:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</b></font>  <b>Gavare's eXperimental Emulator:</b></font><br>
8  <font color="#000000" size="6"><b>Introduction</b>  <font color="#000000" size="6"><b>Introduction</b>
9  </font></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p>  </font></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p>
10    
11  <!--  <!--
12    
13  $Id: intro.html,v 1.66 2005/11/23 22:03:24 debug Exp $  $Id: intro.html,v 1.100 2006/11/04 06:40:20 debug Exp $
14    
15  Copyright (C) 2003-2005  Anders Gavare.  All rights reserved.  Copyright (C) 2003-2006  Anders Gavare.  All rights reserved.
16    
17  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
18  modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:  modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
# Line 45  SUCH DAMAGE. Line 45  SUCH DAMAGE.
45  <h2>Introduction</h2>  <h2>Introduction</h2>
46    
47  <p>  <p>
48    <table border="0" width="99%"><tr><td valign="top" align="left">
49  <ul>  <ul>
50    <li><a href="#overview">Overview</a>    <li><a href="#overview">Overview</a>
51    <li><a href="#free">Is GXemul Free software?</a>    <li><a href="#free">Is GXemul Free software?</a>
52    <li><a href="#build">How to compile/build the emulator</a>    <li><a href="#build">How to compile/build the emulator</a>
53    <li><a href="#run">How to run the emulator</a>    <li><a href="#run">How to run the emulator</a>
54    <li><a href="#cpus">Which CPU types does GXemul emulate?</a>    <li><a href="#cpus">Which processor architectures does GXemul emulate?</a>
55      <li><a href="#hosts">Which host architectures are supported?</a>
56      <li><a href="#translation">What kind of translation does GXemul use?</a>
57    <li><a href="#accuracy">Emulation accuracy</a>    <li><a href="#accuracy">Emulation accuracy</a>
58    <li><a href="#emulmodes">Which machines does GXemul emulate?</a>    <li><a href="#emulmodes">Which machines does GXemul emulate?</a>
   <li><a href="#guestos">Which guest OSes are possible to run in GXemul?</a>  
59  </ul>  </ul>
60    </td><td valign="center" align="center">
61    <a href="20050317-example.png"><img src="20050317-example_small.png"></a>
62    <p>NetBSD/pmax 1.6.2 with X11<br>running in GXemul</td></tr></table>
63    
64    
65    
# Line 69  emulation modes are available. In some m Line 73  emulation modes are available. In some m
73  hardware components are emulated well enough to let unmodified operating  hardware components are emulated well enough to let unmodified operating
74  systems (e.g. NetBSD) run as if they were running on a real machine.  systems (e.g. NetBSD) run as if they were running on a real machine.
75    
76  <p>The processor architecture best emulated by GXemul is MIPS, but other  <p>Devices and processors are not simulated with 100% accuracy. They are
77  architectures such as ARM and PowerPC are also partially emulated.  only ``faked'' well enough to allow guest operating systems to run without
78    complaining too much. Still, the emulator could be of interest for
79  <p>Devices and CPUs are not simulated with 100% accuracy. They are only  academic research and experiments, such as when learning how to write
 ``faked'' well enough to allow guest operating systems run without  
 complaining too much. Still, the emulator could be of interest for  
 academic research and experiments, such as when learning how to write  
80  operating system code.  operating system code.
81    
82  <p>The emulator is written in C, does not depend on third-party libraries  <p>The emulator is written in C, does not depend on third-party libraries,
83  (except X11, but that is optional), and should compile and run on most  and should compile and run on most 64-bit and 32-bit Unix-like systems.
 Unix-like systems.  
84    
85  <p>The emulator contains code which tries to emulate the workings of CPUs  <p>The emulator contains code which tries to emulate the workings of CPUs
86  and surrounding hardware found in real machines, but it does not contain  and surrounding hardware found in real machines, but it does not contain
# Line 98  disk image, then it is sometimes possibl Line 98  disk image, then it is sometimes possibl
98  image. (This works for example with DECstation emulation, or when booting  image. (This works for example with DECstation emulation, or when booting
99  from ISO9660 CDROM images.)  from ISO9660 CDROM images.)
100    
101    <p>Thanks to (in no specific order) Joachim Buss, Olivier Houchard, Juli
102    Mallett, Juan Romero Pardines, Alec Voropay, Göran Weinholt, Alexander
103    Yurchenko, and everyone else who has provided me with feedback.
104    
105    
106    
# Line 133  without source code. You need to check a Line 136  without source code. You need to check a
136  The "easiest way out" if you plan to redistribute code from GXemul is, of  The "easiest way out" if you plan to redistribute code from GXemul is, of
137  course, to let it remain open source and simply supply the source code.  course, to let it remain open source and simply supply the source code.
138    
139  <p>(If a stable, unmodified release of GXemul is packaged into binary form,  <p>In case you want to reuse parts of GXemul, but you need to do that
140  and it is clear which version of GXemul was used to build the package,  under a different license (e.g. the GPL), then contact me and I might
141  then it can be argued that the source code is available, just not in that  re-license/dual-license files on a case-by-case basis.
 specific package. Common sense should be used in this case, and not  
 pedanticism.)  
   
142    
143    
144    
# Line 154  Uncompress the .tar.gz distribution file Line 154  Uncompress the .tar.gz distribution file
154          $ <b>make</b>          $ <b>make</b>
155  </pre>  </pre>
156    
157  <p>This should work on most Unix-like systems. If it doesn't, then  <p>This should work on most Unix-like systems. GXemul does not require any
158  mail me a bug report.  specific libraries to build, however, if you build on a system which does
159    not have X11 libraries installed, some functionality will be lost.
160    
161  <p>The emulator's performance is highly dependent on both runtime settings  <p>The emulator's performance is highly dependent on both runtime settings
162  and on compiler settings, so you might want to experiment with different  and on compiler settings, so you might want to experiment with different
163  CC and CFLAGS environment variable values. For example, on an AMD Athlon  CC and CFLAGS environment variable values. For example, on an AMD Athlon
164  host, you might want to try setting <tt>CFLAGS</tt> to <tt>-march=athlon  host, you might want to try setting <tt>CFLAGS</tt> to <tt>-march=athlon</tt>
165  -O3</tt> before running <tt>configure</tt>.  before running <tt>configure</tt>.
166    
167    
168    
# Line 212  their original meaning in those xterm wi Line 213  their original meaning in those xterm wi
213    
214  <p><br>  <p><br>
215  <a name="cpus"></a>  <a name="cpus"></a>
216  <h3>Which CPU types does GXemul emulate?</h3>  <h3>Which processor architectures does GXemul emulate?</h3>
217    
218    The architectures that are emulated well enough to let at least one
219    guest operating system run (per architecture) are ARM, MIPS, PowerPC,
220    and SuperH.
221    
 <h4>MIPS:</h4>  
222    
 Emulation of R4000, which is a 64-bit CPU, was my initial goal.  
 R2000/R3000-like CPUs (32-bit), R1x000, and generic MIPS32/MIPS64-style  
 CPUs are also emulated, and are hopefully almost as stable as the R4000  
 emulation. Several guest operating systems for MIPS can run inside  
 the emulator.  
223    
 <p>(For MIPS emulation, I have written an experimental dynamic binary  
 translation subsystem, for Alpha and i386 hosts. This gives higher total  
 performance than interpreting one instruction at a time and executing it.  
 If you wish to disable bintrans, add <b>-B</b> to the command line.)  
224    
 <h4>ARM:</h4>  
225    
 ARM emulation is good enough to run NetBSD/cats 2.1 and OpenBSD/cats 3.8,  
 but it is not as tested or fine-tuned as the MIPS emulation mode.  
226    
227  <h4>PowerPC:</h4>  <p><br>
228    <a name="hosts"></a>
229    <h3>Which host architectures are supported?</h3>
230    
231    GXemul should compile and run on any modern host architecture (64-bit or
232    32-bit word-length).
233    
234    <p>(The dynamic translation engine translates into an intermediate
235    representation, but not currently into native code. This means that there
236    is no need for per-host architecture backend code.)
237    
238    
239    
240    
241    
242    <p><br>
243    <a name="translation"></a>
244    <h3>What kind of translation does GXemul use?</h3>
245    
246    <b>Static vs. dynamic:</b>
247    
248    <p>In order to support guest operating systems, which can overwrite old
249    code pages in memory with new code, it is necessary to translate code
250    dynamically. It is not possible to do a "one-pass" (static) translation.
251    Self-modifying code and Just-in-Time compilers running inside
252    the emulator are other things that would not work with a static
253    translator. GXemul is a dynamic translator. However, it does not
254    necessarily translate into native code, like many other emulators.
255    
256    <p><b>"Runnable" Intermediate Representation:</b>
257    
258    <p>Dynamic translators usually translate from the emulated architecture
259    (e.g. MIPS) into a kind of <i>intermediate representation</i> (IR), and then
260    to native code (e.g. AMD64 or x86 code). Since one of my main goals for
261    GXemul is to keep everything as portable as possible, I have tried to make
262    sure that the IR is something which can be executed regardless of whether
263    the final step (translation from IR to native code) has been implemented
264    or not.
265    
266    <p>The IR in GXemul consists of arrays of pointers to functions, and a few
267    arguments which are passed along to those functions. The functions are
268    implemented in either manually hand-coded C, or automatically generated C.
269    In any case, this is all statically linked into the GXemul binary at link
270    time.
271    
272    <p>Here is a simplified diagram of how these arrays work.
273    
274    <p><center><img src="simplified_dyntrans.png"></center>
275    
276    <p>There is one instruction call slot for every possible program counter
277    location. In the MIPS case, instruction words are 32 bits in length,
278    and pages are (usually) 4 KB large, resulting in 1024 instruction call
279    slots. After the last of these instruction calls, there is an additional
280    call to a special "end of page" function (which doesn't count as an executed
281    instruction). This function switches to the first instruction
282    on the next virtual page (which might cause exceptions, etc).
283    
284    <p>The complexity of individual instructions vary. A simple example of
285    what an instruction can look like is the MIPS <tt>addiu</tt> instruction:
286    <pre>
287            X(addiu)
288            {
289                    reg(ic->arg[1]) = (int32_t)
290                        ((int32_t)reg(ic->arg[0]) + (int32_t)ic->arg[2]);
291            }
292    </pre>
293    
294    <p>It stores the result of a 32-bit addition of the register at arg[0]
295    with the immediate value arg[2] (treating both as signed 32-bit
296    integers) into register arg[1]. If the emulated CPU is a 64-bit CPU,
297    then this will store a correctly sign-extended value into arg[1].
298    If it is a 32-bit CPU, then only the lowest 32 bits will be stored,
299    and the high part ignored. <tt>X(addiu)</tt> is expanded to
300    <tt>mips_instr_addiu</tt> in the 64-bit case, and <tt>mips32_instr_addiu</tt>
301    in the 32-bit case. Both are compiled into the GXemul executable; no code
302    is created during run-time.
303    
304    <p>Here are examples of what the <tt>addiu</tt> instruction actually
305    looks like when it is compiled, on various host architectures:
306    
307    <p><center><table border="0">
308        <tr><td><b>GCC 4.0.1 on Alpha:</b></td>
309            <td width="35"></td><td></td>
310        <tr>
311            <td valign="top">
312    <pre>mips_instr_addiu:
313         ldq     t1,8(a1)
314         ldq     t2,24(a1)
315         ldq     t3,16(a1)
316         ldq     t0,0(t1)
317         addl    t0,t2,t0
318         stq     t0,0(t3)
319         ret</pre>
320            </td>
321            <td></td>
322            <td valign="top">
323    <pre>mips32_instr_addiu:
324         ldq     t2,8(a1)
325         ldq     t0,24(a1)
326         ldq     t3,16(a1)
327         ldl     t1,0(t2)
328         addq    t0,t1,t0
329         stl     t0,0(t3)
330         ret</pre>
331            </td>
332        </tr>
333    
334        <tr><td><b><br>GCC 3.4.4 on AMD64:</b></td>
335        <tr>
336            <td valign="top">
337    <pre>mips_instr_addiu:
338         mov    0x8(%rsi),%rdx
339         mov    0x18(%rsi),%rax
340         mov    0x10(%rsi),%rcx
341         add    (%rdx),%eax
342         cltq
343         mov    %rax,(%rcx)
344         retq</pre>
345            </td>
346            <td></td>
347            <td valign="top">
348    <pre>mips32_instr_addiu:
349         mov    0x8(%rsi),%rcx
350         mov    0x10(%rsi),%rdx
351         mov    (%rcx),%eax
352         add    0x18(%rsi),%eax
353         mov    %eax,(%rdx)
354         retq</pre>
355            </td>
356        </tr>
357    
358        <tr><td><b><br>GCC 4.0.1 on i386:</b></td>
359        <tr>
360            <td valign="top">
361    <pre>mips_instr_addiu:
362         mov    0x8(%esp),%eax
363         mov    0x8(%eax),%ecx
364         mov    0x4(%eax),%edx
365         mov    0xc(%eax),%eax
366         add    (%edx),%eax
367         mov    %eax,(%ecx)
368         cltd
369         mov    %edx,0x4(%ecx)
370         ret</pre>
371            </td>
372            <td></td>
373            <td valign="top">
374    <pre>mips32_instr_addiu:
375         mov    0x8(%esp),%eax
376         mov    0x8(%eax),%ecx
377         mov    0x4(%eax),%edx
378         mov    0xc(%eax),%eax
379         add    (%edx),%eax
380         mov    %eax,(%ecx)
381         ret</pre>
382            </td>
383        </tr>
384    </table></center>
385    
386    <p>On 64-bit hosts, there is not much difference, but on 32-bit hosts (and
387    to some extent on AMD64), the difference is enough to make it worthwhile.
388    
389    
390    <p><b>Performance:</b>
391    
392    <p>The performance of using this kind of runnable IR is obviously lower
393    than what can be achieved by emulators using native code generation, but
394    can be significantly higher than using a naive fetch-decode-execute
395    interpretation loop. In my opinion, using a runnable IR is an interesting
396    compromise.
397    
398    <p>The overhead per emulated instruction is usually around or below
399    approximately 10 host instructions. This is very much dependent on your
400    host architecture and what compiler and compiler switches you are using.
401    Added to this instruction count is (of course) also the C code used to
402    implement each specific instruction.
403    
404    <p><b>Instruction Combinations:</b>
405    
406    <p>Short, common instruction sequences can sometimes be replaced by a
407    "compound" instruction. An example could be a compare instruction followed
408    by a conditional branch instruction. The advantages of instruction
409    combinations are that
410    <ul>
411      <li>the amortized overhead per instruction is slightly reduced, and
412      <p>
413      <li>the host's compiler can make a good job at optimizing the common
414            instruction sequence.
415    </ul>
416    
417  PowerPC emulation is still in its beginning stages, but good enough  <p>The special cases where instruction combinations give the most gain
418  to run NetBSD/prep 2.1.  are in the cores of string/memory manipulation functions such as
419    <tt>memset()</tt> or <tt>strlen()</tt>. The core loop can then (at least
420    to some extent) be replaced by a native call to the equivalent function.
421    
422    <p>The implementations of compound instructions still keep track of the
423    number of executed instructions, etc. When single-stepping, these
424    translations are invalidated, and replaced by normal instruction calls
425    (one per emulated instruction).
426    
427    <p><b>Native Code Back-ends: (not in this release)</b>
428    
429    <p>In theory, it will be possible to implement native code generation
430    (similar to what is used in high-performance emulators such as QEMU),
431    as long as that generated code abides to the C ABI on the host, but
432    for now I wanted to make sure that GXemul works without such native
433    code back-ends. For this reason, since release 0.4.0, GXemul is
434    completely free of native code back-ends.
435    
 <p>Non-MIPS emulation modes use dynamic translation, but not recompilation  
 into native code. This makes it possible to run on any host platform.  
436    
437    
438    
# Line 249  into native code. This makes it possible Line 443  into native code. This makes it possible
443  <h3>Emulation accuracy:</h3>  <h3>Emulation accuracy:</h3>
444    
445  GXemul is an instruction-level emulator; things that would happen in  GXemul is an instruction-level emulator; things that would happen in
446  several steps within a real CPU are not taken into account (eg. pipe-line  several steps within a real CPU are not taken into account (e.g. pipe-line
447  stalls or out-of-order execution). Still, instruction-level accuracy seems  stalls or out-of-order execution). Still, instruction-level accuracy seems
448  to be enough to be able to run complete guest operating systems inside the  to be enough to be able to run complete guest operating systems inside the
449  emulator.  emulator.
450    
451  <p>Caches are by default not emulated. In some cases, the existance of  <p>The existance of instruction and data caches is "faked" to let
452  caches is "faked" to let operating systems think that they are there.  operating systems think that they are there, but for all practical
453  (There is some old code for R2000/R3000 caches, but it has probably  purposes, these caches are non-working.
454  suffered from bitrot by now.)  
455    <p>The emulator is in general <i>not</i> timing-accurate, neither at the
456  <p>The emulator is <i>not</i> timing-accurate. It can be run in a  instruction level nor on any higher level. An attempt is made to let
457  "deterministic" mode, <tt><b>-D</b></tt>. The meaning of deterministic is  emulated clocks run at the same speed as the host (i.e. an emulated timer
458  simply that running two emulations with the same settings will result in  running at 100 Hz will interrupt around 100 times per real second), but
459  identical runs. Obviously, this requires that no user interaction is  since the host speed may vary, e.g. because of other running processes,
460  taking place, and that clock speeds are fixed with the <tt><b>-I</b></tt>  there is no guarantee as to how many instructions will be executed in
461  option. (Deterministic in this case does <i>not</i> mean that the  each of these 100 Hz cycles.
462  emulation will be identical to some actual real-world machine.)  
463    <p>If the host is very slow, the emulated clocks might even lag behind
464  <p><font color="#ff0000">(Oops/TODO: User interaction means <i>both</i>  the real-world clock.
 input to the emulated program/OS, and interacting with the emulator  
 itself. Breaking into the debugger and then continuing execution may  
 affect when/how interrupts occur.)</font>  
465    
466    
467    
# Line 286  are emulated well enough to run at least Line 477  are emulated well enough to run at least
477    
478  <p>  <p>
479  <ul>  <ul>
480    <li><b><u>MIPS</u></b>    <li><b><u>ARM</u></b>
481    <ul>    <ul>
482      <li><b>DECstation 5000/200</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;("3max")      <li><b>CATS</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdcatsinstall">NetBSD/cats</a>,
483      <p>          <a href="guestoses.html#openbsdcatsinstall">OpenBSD/cats</a>)
484      <li><b>Acer Pica-61</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;(an ARC machine)      <li><b>IQ80321</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdevbarminstall">NetBSD/evbarm</a>)
485      <p>      <li><b>NetWinder</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdnetwinderinstall">NetBSD/netwinder</a>)
     <li><b>NEC MobilePro 770, 780, 800, and 880</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;(HPCmips machines)  
     <p>  
     <li><b>Cobalt</b>  
     <p>  
     <li><b>Malta</b> (evbmips)  
     <p>  
     <li><b>SGI O2 ("IP32")</b>  
         <br><small>(Enough for root-on-nfs, but not for disk boot.)</small>  
486    </ul>    </ul>
487    <p>    <p>
488    <li><b><u>ARM</u></b>    <li><b><u>MIPS</u></b>
489    <ul>    <ul>
490      <li><b>CATS</b>      <li><b>DECstation 5000/200</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdpmaxinstall">NetBSD/pmax</a>,
491            <a href="guestoses.html#openbsdpmaxinstall">OpenBSD/pmax</a>,
492            <a href="guestoses.html#ultrixinstall">Ultrix</a>,
493            <a href="guestoses.html#declinux">Linux/DECstation</a>,
494            <a href="guestoses.html#sprite">Sprite</a>)
495        <li><b>Acer Pica-61</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdarcinstall">NetBSD/arc</a>)
496        <li><b>NEC MobilePro 770, 780, 800, 880</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdhpcmipsinstall">NetBSD/hpcmips</a>)
497        <li><b>Cobalt</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdcobaltinstall">NetBSD/cobalt</a>)
498        <li><b>Malta</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdevbmipsinstall">NetBSD/evbmips</a>)
499        <li><b>Algorithmics P5064</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdalgorinstall">NetBSD/algor</a>)
500        <li><b>SGI O2 (aka IP32)</b> <font color="#0000e0">(<super>*1</super>)</font>
501            (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdsgimips">NetBSD/sgi</a>)
502    </ul>    </ul>
503    <p>    <p>
504    <li><b><u>PowerPC</u></b>    <li><b><u>PowerPC</u></b>
505    <ul>    <ul>
506      <li><b>PReP (PowerPC Reference Platform)</b>      <li><b>IBM 6050/6070 (PReP, PowerPC Reference Platform)</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdprepinstall">NetBSD/prep</a>)
507      </ul>
508      <p>
509      <li><b><u>SuperH</u></b>
510      <ul>
511        <li><b>Sega Dreamcast</b>
512            <font color="#0000e0">(<super>*2</super>)</font>
513            (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsddreamcast">NetBSD/dreamcast</a>)
514    </ul>    </ul>
515  </ul>  </ul>
516    
517    <p>
518    <small><font color="#0000e0">(<super>*1</super>)</font> =
519    Enough for root-on-nfs, but not for disk boot.</small>
520    <br><small><font color="#0000e0">(<super>*2</super>)</font> =
521    Only enough to reach ramdisk userland; no root-on-nfs yet.</small>
522    
523  <p>There is code in GXemul for emulation of many other machine types; the  <p>There is code in GXemul for emulation of many other machine types; the
524  degree to which these work range from almost being able to run a complete  degree to which these work range from almost being able to run a complete
525  OS, to almost completely unsupported (perhaps just enough support to  OS, to almost completely unsupported (perhaps just enough support to
# Line 327  such as: Line 534  such as:
534    <li>a console I/O device (putchar() and getchar()...)    <li>a console I/O device (putchar() and getchar()...)
535    <li>an inter-processor communication device, for SMP experiments    <li>an inter-processor communication device, for SMP experiments
536    <li>a very simple linear framebuffer device (for graphics output)    <li>a very simple linear framebuffer device (for graphics output)
537    <li>a simple SCSI disk controller    <li>a simple disk controller
538    <li>a simple ethernet controller    <li>a simple ethernet controller
539      <li>a real-time clock device
540  </ul>  </ul>
541    
542  <p>This mode is useful if you wish to run experimental code, but do not  <p>This mode is useful if you wish to run experimental code, but do not
# Line 343  href="experiments.html#expdevices">here< Line 551  href="experiments.html#expdevices">here<
551    
552    
553    
   
 <p><br>  
 <a name="guestos"></a>  
 <h3>Which guest OSes are possible to run in GXemul?</h3>  
   
 This table lists the guest OSes that run well enough to be considered  
 working in the emulator. They can boot from a harddisk image and be  
 interacted with similar to a real machine.  
   
 <p>  
 <center><table border="0">  
         <tr>  
           <td width="10"></td>  
           <td align="center"><a href="20050317-example.png"><img src="20050317-example_small.png"></a></td>  
           <td width="15"></td>  
           <td><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/pmax/">NetBSD/pmax</a>  
                 <br>DECstation 5000/200</td>  
           <td width="30"></td>  
           <td align="center"><a href="20041024-netbsd-arc-installed.gif"><img src="20041024-netbsd-arc-installed_small.gif"></a></td>  
           <td width="15"></td>  
           <td><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/arc/">NetBSD/arc</a>  
                 <br>Acer Pica-61</td>  
   
         </tr>  
   
         <tr><td height="10"></td></tr>  
   
         <tr>  
           <td></td>  
           <td align="center"><a href="openbsd-pmax-20040710.png"><img src="openbsd-pmax-20040710_small.png"></a></td>  
           <td></td>  
           <td><a href="http://www.openbsd.org/pmax.html">OpenBSD/pmax</a>  
                 <br>DECstation 5000/200</td>  
           <td></td>  
           <td align="center"><a href="20041024-openbsd-arc-installed.gif"><img src="20041024-openbsd-arc-installed_small.gif"></a></td>  
           <td></td>  
           <td><a href="http://www.openbsd.org/arc.html">OpenBSD/arc</a>  
                 <br>Acer Pica-61</td>  
         </tr>  
   
         <tr><td height="10"></td></tr>  
   
         <tr>  
           <td></td>  
           <td align="center"><a href="ultrix4.5-20040706.png"><img src="ultrix4.5-20040706_small.gif"></a></td>  
           <td></td>  
           <td>Ultrix/RISC<br>DECstation 5000/200</td>  
           <td></td>  
           <td align="center"><a href="20041213-debian_4.png"><img src="20041213-debian_4_small.gif"></a></td>  
           <td></td>  
           <td><a href="http://www.debian.org/">Debian&nbsp;GNU/Linux</a>&nbsp;<super>*</super>  
                 <br>DECstation 5000/200</td>  
         </tr>  
   
         <tr><td height="10"></td></tr>  
   
         <tr>  
           <td></td>  
           <td align="center"><a href="sprite-20040711.png"><img src="sprite-20040711_small.png"></a></td>  
           <td></td>  
           <td><a href="http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/sprite/retrospective.html">Sprite</a>  
                 <br>DECstation 5000/200</td>  
           <td></td>  
           <td align="center"><a href="20041129-redhat_mips.png"><img src="20041129-redhat_mips_small.png"></a></td>  
           <td></td>  
           <td>Redhat&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;<super>*</super>  
                 <br>DECstation 5000/200</td>  
         </tr>  
   
         <tr><td height="10"></td></tr>  
   
         <tr>  
           <td></td>  
           <td align="center"><a href="20050427-netbsd-hpcmips-2.png"><img src="20050427-netbsd-hpcmips-2_small.png"></a></td>  
           <td></td>  
           <td><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/hpcmips/">NetBSD/hpcmips</a>  
                 <br>NEC MobilePro 770, 780, 800, 880</td>  
           <td></td>  
           <td align="center"><a href="20050413-netbsd-cobalt.png"><img src="20050413-netbsd-cobalt_small.png"></a></td>  
           <td></td>  
           <td><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/cobalt/">NetBSD/cobalt</a>  
                 <br>Cobalt</td>  
         </tr>  
   
         <tr><td height="10"></td></tr>  
   
         <tr>  
           <td></td>  
           <td align="center"><a href="20050626-netbsd-sgimips-netboot.png"><img src="20050626-netbsd-sgimips-netboot_small.png"></a></td>  
           <td></td>  
           <td><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/sgimips/">NetBSD/sgimips</a>  
                 <br>SGI O2 ("IP32")</td>  
           <td></td>  
           <td align="center"><a href="20050622-netbsd-evbmips-malta.png"><img src="20050622-netbsd-evbmips-malta_small.png"></a></td>  
           <td></td>  
           <td><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/evbmips/">NetBSD/evbmips</a>  
                 <br>5Kc (and 4Kc) Malta<br>evaluation boards</td>  
           <td></td>  
         </tr>  
   
         <tr><td height="10"></td></tr>  
   
         <tr>  
           <td></td>  
           <td align="center"><a href="20051007-netbsd-cats-installed.png"><img src="20051007-netbsd-cats-installed_small.png"></a></td>  
           <td></td>  
           <td><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/cats/">NetBSD/cats</a>  
                 <br>CATS</td>  
           <td></td>  
           <td align="center"><a href="20051007-openbsd-cats-installed.png"><img src="20051007-openbsd-cats-installed_small.png"></a></td>  
           <td></td>  
           <td><a href="http://www.openbsd.org/cats.html">OpenBSD/cats</a>  
                 <br>CATS</td>  
           <td></td>  
         </tr>  
   
         <tr><td height="10"></td></tr>  
   
         <tr>  
           <td></td>  
           <td align="center"><a href="20051123-netbsd-prep.png"><img src="20051123-netbsd-prep_small.png"></a></td>  
           <td></td>  
           <td><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/prep/">NetBSD/prep</a>  
                 <br>PReP</td>  
           <td></td>  
         </tr>  
   
 </table></center>  
   
   
 <p><br>  
   
 <super>*</super> Although Linux runs under DECstation emulation, the  
 default 2.4.27 kernel in Debian GNU/Linux does not support keyboards on  
 the 5000/200 (the specific DECstation model being emulated), so when the  
 login prompt is reached you cannot interact with the system. Kaj-Michael  
 Lang has compiled and made available a newer kernel from the current  
 mips-linux development tree. You can find it here: <a  
 href="http://home.tal.org/~milang/o2/kernels/">http://home.tal.org/~milang/o2/kernels</a>/<a  
 href="http://home.tal.org/~milang/o2/kernels/vmlinux-2.4.29-rc2-r3k-mipsel-decstation">vmlinux-2.4.29-rc2-r3k-mipsel-decstation</a>  
 This newer kernel supports keyboard input, but it does not have Debian's  
 ethernet patches, so you will not be able to use keyboard/framebuffer  
 <i>and</i> networking at the same time.  
   
   
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