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$Id: intro.html,v 1.73 2006/02/18 14:02:19 debug Exp $ |
$Id: intro.html,v 1.108 2007/04/12 16:57:22 debug Exp $ |
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Copyright (C) 2003-2006 Anders Gavare. All rights reserved. |
Copyright (C) 2003-2007 Anders Gavare. All rights reserved. |
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Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without |
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without |
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modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: |
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: |
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<li><a href="#build">How to compile/build the emulator</a> |
<li><a href="#build">How to compile/build the emulator</a> |
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<li><a href="#run">How to run the emulator</a> |
<li><a href="#run">How to run the emulator</a> |
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<li><a href="#cpus">Which processor architectures does GXemul emulate?</a> |
<li><a href="#cpus">Which processor architectures does GXemul emulate?</a> |
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<li><a href="#hosts">Which host architectures are supported?</a> |
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<li><a href="#accuracy">Emulation accuracy</a> |
<li><a href="#accuracy">Emulation accuracy</a> |
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<li><a href="#emulmodes">Which machines does GXemul emulate?</a> |
<li><a href="#emulmodes">Which machines does GXemul emulate?</a> |
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</ul> |
</ul> |
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hardware components are emulated well enough to let unmodified operating |
hardware components are emulated well enough to let unmodified operating |
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systems (e.g. NetBSD) run as if they were running on a real machine. |
systems (e.g. NetBSD) run as if they were running on a real machine. |
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<p>The processor architecture best emulated by GXemul is MIPS, but other |
<p>Devices and processors are not simulated with 100% accuracy. They are |
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architectures such as ARM and PowerPC are also partially emulated. |
only ``faked'' well enough to allow guest operating systems to run without |
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complaining too much. Still, the emulator could be of interest for |
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<p>Devices and CPUs are not simulated with 100% accuracy. They are only |
academic research and experiments, such as when learning how to write |
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``faked'' well enough to allow guest operating systems run without |
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complaining too much. Still, the emulator could be of interest for |
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academic research and experiments, such as when learning how to write |
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operating system code. |
operating system code. |
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<p>The emulator is written in C, does not depend on third-party libraries, |
<p>The emulator is written in C, does not depend on third-party libraries, |
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<p>If you do not have a kernel as a separate file, but you have a bootable |
<p>If you do not have a kernel as a separate file, but you have a bootable |
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disk image, then it is sometimes possible to boot directly from that |
disk image, then it is sometimes possible to boot directly from that |
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image. (This works for example with DECstation emulation, or when booting |
image. (This works for example with DECstation emulation, Dreamcast |
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from ISO9660 CDROM images.) |
emulation, or when booting from generic ISO9660 CDROM images if the |
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kernel is included in the image as a plain file.) |
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<p>Thanks to (in no specific order) Joachim Buss, Olivier Houchard, Juli |
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Mallett, Juan Romero Pardines, Alec Voropay, Göran Weinholt, Alexander |
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Yurchenko, and everyone else who has provided me with feedback. |
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<p>The emulator's performance is highly dependent on both runtime settings |
<p>The emulator's performance is highly dependent on both runtime settings |
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and on compiler settings, so you might want to experiment with different |
and on compiler settings, so you might want to experiment with different |
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CC and CFLAGS environment variable values. For example, on an AMD Athlon |
CC and CFLAGS environment variable values. For example, on an AMD Athlon |
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host, you might want to try setting <tt>CFLAGS</tt> to <tt>-march=athlon |
host, you might want to try setting <tt>CFLAGS</tt> to <tt>-march=athlon</tt> |
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-O3</tt> before running <tt>configure</tt>. |
before running <tt>configure</tt>. |
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<a name="cpus"></a> |
<a name="cpus"></a> |
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<h3>Which processor architectures does GXemul emulate?</h3> |
<h3>Which processor architectures does GXemul emulate?</h3> |
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<h4>MIPS:</h4> |
The architectures that are emulated well enough to let at least one |
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guest operating system run (per architecture) are ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, |
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and SuperH. |
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<p>Please read the page about <a href="guestoses.html">guest operating |
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systems</a> for more information about the machines and operating systems |
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that can be considered "working" in the emulator. |
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Emulation of R4000, which is a 64-bit CPU, was my initial goal. |
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R2000/R3000-like CPUs (32-bit), R1x000, and generic MIPS32/MIPS64-style |
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CPUs are also emulated, and are hopefully almost as stable as the R4000 |
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emulation. Several guest operating systems for MIPS can run inside |
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the emulator. |
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<p>(For MIPS emulation, I have written an experimental dynamic binary |
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translation subsystem, for Alpha and i386 hosts. This gives higher total |
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performance than interpreting one instruction at a time and executing it. |
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If you wish to disable bintrans, add <b>-B</b> to the command line.) |
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<h4>ARM:</h4> |
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ARM emulation is good enough to run NetBSD/cats, OpenBSD/cats, and |
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NetBSD/evbarm, but it is not as tested or fine-tuned as the MIPS emulation |
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mode. |
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<h4>PowerPC:</h4> |
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PowerPC emulation is still in its beginning stages, but good enough |
<p><br> |
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to run NetBSD/prep 2.1. |
<a name="hosts"></a> |
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<h3>Which host architectures are supported?</h3> |
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GXemul should compile and run on any modern host architecture (64-bit or |
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32-bit word-length). |
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<p>Non-MIPS emulation modes use dynamic translation, but not recompilation |
<p>Note: The <a href="translation.html">dynamic translation</a> engine |
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into native code. This makes it possible to run on any host platform. |
does <i>not</i> require backends for native code generation to be written |
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for each individual host architecture; the intermediate representation |
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that the dyntrans system uses can be executed on any host architecture. |
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<h3>Emulation accuracy:</h3> |
<h3>Emulation accuracy:</h3> |
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GXemul is an instruction-level emulator; things that would happen in |
GXemul is an instruction-level emulator; things that would happen in |
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several steps within a real CPU are not taken into account (eg. pipe-line |
several steps within a real CPU are not taken into account (e.g. pipe-line |
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stalls or out-of-order execution). Still, instruction-level accuracy seems |
stalls or out-of-order execution). Still, instruction-level accuracy seems |
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to be enough to be able to run complete guest operating systems inside the |
to be enough to be able to run complete guest operating systems inside the |
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emulator. |
emulator. |
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<p>Caches are by default not emulated. In some cases, the existance of |
<p>The existance of instruction and data caches is "faked" to let |
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caches is "faked" to let operating systems think that they are there. |
operating systems think that they are there, but for all practical |
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(There is some old code for R2000/R3000 caches, but it has probably |
purposes, these caches are non-working. |
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suffered from bitrot by now.) |
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<p>The emulator is in general <i>not</i> timing-accurate, neither at the |
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<p>The emulator is <i>not</i> timing-accurate. It can be run in a |
instruction level nor on any higher level. An attempt is made to let |
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"deterministic" mode, <tt><b>-D</b></tt>. The meaning of deterministic is |
emulated clocks run at the same speed as the host (i.e. an emulated timer |
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simply that running two emulations with the same settings will result in |
running at 100 Hz will interrupt around 100 times per real second), but |
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identical runs. Obviously, this requires that no user interaction is |
since the host speed may vary, e.g. because of other running processes, |
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taking place, and that clock speeds are fixed with the <tt><b>-I</b></tt> |
there is no guarantee as to how many instructions will be executed in |
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option. (Deterministic in this case does <i>not</i> mean that the |
each of these 100 Hz cycles. |
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emulation will be identical to some actual real-world machine.) |
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<p>If the host is very slow, the emulated clocks might even lag behind |
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<p><font color="#ff0000">(Oops/TODO: User interaction means <i>both</i> |
the real-world clock. |
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input to the emulated program/OS, and interacting with the emulator |
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itself. Breaking into the debugger and then continuing execution may |
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affect when/how interrupts occur.)</font> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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<ul> |
<ul> |
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<li><b><u>MIPS</u></b> |
<li><b><u>ARM</u></b> |
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<ul> |
<ul> |
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<li><b>DECstation 5000/200</b> ("3max") |
<li><b>CATS</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdcatsinstall">NetBSD/cats</a>, |
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<li><b>Acer Pica-61</b> (an ARC machine) |
<a href="guestoses.html#openbsdcatsinstall">OpenBSD/cats</a>) |
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<li><b>NEC MobilePro 770, 780, 800, and 880</b> (HPCmips machines) |
<li><b>IQ80321</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdevbarminstall">NetBSD/evbarm</a>) |
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<li><b>Cobalt</b> |
<li><b>NetWinder</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdnetwinderinstall">NetBSD/netwinder</a>) |
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<li><b>Malta</b> (evbmips) |
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<li><b>SGI O2 ("IP32")</b> <font color="#0000e0">(<super>*</super>)</font> |
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</ul> |
</ul> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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<li><b><u>ARM</u></b> |
<li><b><u>MIPS</u></b> |
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<ul> |
<ul> |
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<li><b>CATS</b> |
<li><b>DECstation 5000/200</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdpmaxinstall">NetBSD/pmax</a>, |
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<li><b>IQ80321</b> (evbarm) |
<a href="guestoses.html#openbsdpmaxinstall">OpenBSD/pmax</a>, |
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<a href="guestoses.html#ultrixinstall">Ultrix</a>, |
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<a href="guestoses.html#declinux">Linux/DECstation</a>, |
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<a href="guestoses.html#sprite">Sprite</a>) |
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<li><b>Acer Pica-61</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdarcinstall">NetBSD/arc</a>) |
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<li><b>NEC MobilePro 770, 780, 800, 880</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdhpcmipsinstall">NetBSD/hpcmips</a>) |
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<li><b>Cobalt</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdcobaltinstall">NetBSD/cobalt</a>) |
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<li><b>Malta</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdevbmipsinstall">NetBSD/evbmips</a>, Linux/Malta <font color="#0000e0">(<super>*1</super>)</font>) |
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<li><b>Algorithmics P5064</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdalgorinstall">NetBSD/algor</a>) |
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<li><b>SGI O2 (aka IP32)</b> <font color="#0000e0">(<super>*2</super>)</font> |
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(<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdsgimips">NetBSD/sgi</a>) |
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</ul> |
</ul> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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<li><b><u>PowerPC</u></b> |
<li><b><u>PowerPC</u></b> |
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<ul> |
<ul> |
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<li><b>PReP (PowerPC Reference Platform)</b> |
<li><b>IBM 6050/6070 (PReP, PowerPC Reference Platform)</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdprepinstall">NetBSD/prep</a>) |
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<li><b>MacPPC (generic "G4" Macintosh)</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdmacppcinstall">NetBSD/macppc</a>) |
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</ul> |
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<p> |
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<li><b><u>SuperH</u></b> |
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<ul> |
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<li><b>Sega Dreamcast</b> (<a href="dreamcast.html#netbsd_generic_md">NetBSD/dreamcast</a>, <a href="dreamcast.html#linux_live_cd">Linux/dreamcast</a>) |
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</ul> |
</ul> |
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</ul> |
</ul> |
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<p><small><font color="#0000e0">(<super>*</super>)</font> = |
<p> |
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Enough for root-on-nfs, but not for disk boot.)</small> |
<small><font color="#0000e0">(<super>*1</super>)</font> = |
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Linux/Malta may be run as a guest OS, however I have not yet found any stable |
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URL to pre-compiled Linux/Malta kernels. Thus, Linux/Malta emulation is not |
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tested for every release of the emulator; sometimes it works, sometimes |
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it doesn't.</small> |
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<br><small><font color="#0000e0">(<super>*2</super>)</font> = |
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SGI O2 emulation is enough for root-on-nfs, but not for disk boot.</small> |
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<p>There is code in GXemul for emulation of many other machine types; the |
<p>There is code in GXemul for emulation of many other machine types; the |
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degree to which these work range from almost being able to run a complete |
degree to which these work range from almost being able to run a complete |
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<li>a console I/O device (putchar() and getchar()...) |
<li>a console I/O device (putchar() and getchar()...) |
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<li>an inter-processor communication device, for SMP experiments |
<li>an inter-processor communication device, for SMP experiments |
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<li>a very simple linear framebuffer device (for graphics output) |
<li>a very simple linear framebuffer device (for graphics output) |
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<li>a simple SCSI disk controller |
<li>a simple disk controller |
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<li>a simple ethernet controller |
<li>a simple ethernet controller |
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<li>a real-time clock device |
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</ul> |
</ul> |
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<p>This mode is useful if you wish to run experimental code, but do not |
<p>This mode is useful if you wish to run experimental code, but do not |