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<!-- |
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$Id: intro.html,v 1.87 2006/06/23 10:00:41 debug Exp $ |
$Id: intro.html,v 1.118 2007/06/15 21:43:09 debug Exp $ |
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Copyright (C) 2003-2006 Anders Gavare. All rights reserved. |
Copyright (C) 2003-2007 Anders Gavare. All rights reserved. |
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Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without |
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without |
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modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: |
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: |
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<li><a href="#build">How to compile/build the emulator</a> |
<li><a href="#build">How to compile/build the emulator</a> |
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<li><a href="#run">How to run the emulator</a> |
<li><a href="#run">How to run the emulator</a> |
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<li><a href="#cpus">Which processor architectures does GXemul emulate?</a> |
<li><a href="#cpus">Which processor architectures does GXemul emulate?</a> |
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<li><a href="#hosts">Which host architectures are supported?</a> |
<li><a href="#hosts">Which host architectures/platforms are supported?</a> |
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<li><a href="#translation">What kind of translation does GXemul use?</a> |
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<li><a href="#accuracy">Emulation accuracy</a> |
<li><a href="#accuracy">Emulation accuracy</a> |
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<li><a href="#emulmodes">Which machines does GXemul emulate?</a> |
<li><a href="#emulmodes">Which machines does GXemul emulate?</a> |
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</ul> |
</ul> |
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<a name="overview"></a> |
<a name="overview"></a> |
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<h3>Overview:</h3> |
<h3>Overview:</h3> |
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GXemul is an experimental instruction-level machine emulator. Several |
GXemul is an experimental <a href="#accuracy">instruction-level</a> |
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emulation modes are available. In some modes, processors and surrounding |
machine emulator. Several emulation modes are available. In some modes, |
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hardware components are emulated well enough to let unmodified operating |
processors and surrounding hardware components are emulated well enough to |
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systems (e.g. NetBSD) run as if they were running on a real machine. |
let <a href="#emulmodes">unmodified operating systems (e.g. NetBSD) |
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run</a> as if they were running on a real machine. |
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<p>Devices and processors (ARM, MIPS, PowerPC) are not simulated with 100% |
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accuracy. They are only ``faked'' well enough to allow guest operating |
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systems run without complaining too much. Still, the emulator could be of |
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interest for academic research and experiments, such as when learning how |
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to write operating system code. |
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<p>The emulator is written in C, does not depend on third-party libraries, |
<p>The emulator is written in C, does not depend on third-party libraries, |
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and should compile and run on most 64-bit and 32-bit Unix-like systems. |
and should compile and run on most 64-bit and 32-bit Unix-like systems, |
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with few or no modifications. |
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<p>Devices and processors are not simulated with 100% accuracy. They are |
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only ``faked'' well enough to allow guest operating systems to run without |
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complaining too much. Still, the emulator could be of interest for |
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academic research and experiments, such as when learning how to write |
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operating system code. |
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<p>The emulator contains code which tries to emulate the workings of CPUs |
<p>The emulator contains code which tries to emulate the workings of CPUs |
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and surrounding hardware found in real machines, but it does not contain |
and surrounding hardware found in real machines, but it does not contain |
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any ROM code. You will need some form of program (in binary form) to run |
any ROM code. You will need some form of program (in binary form) to run |
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in the emulator. For many emulation modes, PROM calls are handled by the |
in the emulator. For some emulation modes, PROM calls are handled by the |
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emulator itself, so you do not need to use any ROM image at all. |
emulator itself, so you do not need to use any ROM image at all. |
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<p>You can use pre-compiled kernels (for example NetBSD kernels, or |
<p>You can use pre-compiled kernels (for example <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/">NetBSD</a> |
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Linux), or other programs that are in binary format, and in some cases |
kernels, or Linux), or other programs that are in binary format, and in some cases |
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even actual ROM images. A couple of different file formats are supported |
even actual ROM images. A couple of different file formats are supported: |
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(ELF, a.out, ECOFF, SREC, and raw binaries). |
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable_and_Linkable_Format">ELF</a>, |
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.out">a.out</a>, |
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COFF">COFF</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECOFF">ECOFF</a>, |
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SREC_%28file_format%29">SREC</a>, and raw binaries. |
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<p>If you do not have a kernel as a separate file, but you have a bootable |
<p>If you do not have a kernel as a separate file, but you have a bootable |
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disk image, then it is sometimes possible to boot directly from that |
disk image, then it is sometimes possible to boot directly from that |
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image. (This works for example with DECstation emulation, or when booting |
image. This works for example with DECstation emulation, <a href="dreamcast.html">Dreamcast |
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from ISO9660 CDROM images.) |
emulation</a>, or when booting from generic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO9660">ISO9660</a> |
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CDROM images if the kernel is included in the image as a plain file. |
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<p>Thanks to (in no specific order) Joachim Buss, Olivier Houchard, Juli |
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Mallett, Juan Romero Pardines, Carl van Schaik, Miod Vallat, Alec Voropay, |
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Göran Weinholt, Alexander Yurchenko, and everyone else who has provided me |
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with feedback. |
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not have X11 libraries installed, some functionality will be lost. |
not have X11 libraries installed, some functionality will be lost. |
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<p>The emulator's performance is highly dependent on both runtime settings |
<p>The emulator's performance is highly dependent on both runtime settings |
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and on compiler settings, so you might want to experiment with different |
and on compiler settings, so you might want to experiment with |
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CC and CFLAGS environment variable values. For example, on an AMD Athlon |
using different CC and CFLAGS environment variable values when running the |
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host, you might want to try setting <tt>CFLAGS</tt> to <tt>-march=athlon</tt> |
<tt>configure</tt> script. |
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before running <tt>configure</tt>. |
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<p>Note that there is no <tt>make install</tt> functionality; package |
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maintainers for individual operating systems solve this for their |
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corresponding OSes. |
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<b><tt>-h</tt></b> or <b><tt>-H</tt></b> command line options) will |
<b><tt>-h</tt></b> or <b><tt>-H</tt></b> command line options) will |
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display a help message. |
display a help message. |
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<p> |
<p>To get some ideas about what is possible to run in the emulator, please |
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To get some ideas about what is possible to run in the emulator, please |
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read the section about <a href="guestoses.html">installing "guest" |
read the section about <a href="guestoses.html">installing "guest" |
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operating systems</a>. If you are interested in using the emulator to |
operating systems</a>. The most straight forward guest operating to |
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develop code on your own, then you should also read the section about |
install is NetBSD/pmax; the instructions provided <a |
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<a href="experiments.html#hello">Hello World</a>. |
href="guestoses.html#netbsdpmaxinstall">here</a> should let you install |
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NetBSD/pmax in a way very similar to how it is done on a real DECstation. |
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<p>If you are interested in using the emulator to develop code on your |
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own, then you should also read the section about <a |
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href="experiments.html#hello">Hello World</a>. |
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<p> |
<p>To exit the emulator, type CTRL-C to enter the |
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To exit the emulator, type CTRL-C to enter the |
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single-step debugger, and then type <tt><b>quit</b></tt>. |
single-step debugger, and then type <tt><b>quit</b></tt>. |
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<p> |
<p>If you are starting an emulation by entering settings directly on the |
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If you are starting an emulation by entering settings directly on the |
command line, and you are not using the <tt><b>-x</b></tt> option, then |
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command line, and you are not using the <tt><b>-x</b></tt> option, then all |
all terminal input and output will go to the main controlling terminal. |
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terminal input and output will go to the main controlling terminal. |
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CTRL-C is used to break into the debugger, so in order to send CTRL-C to |
CTRL-C is used to break into the debugger, so in order to send CTRL-C to |
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the running (emulated) program, you may use CTRL-B. |
the running (emulated) program, you may use CTRL-B. (This should be a |
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(This should be a reasonable compromise to allow the emulator to be usable |
reasonable compromise to allow the emulator to be usable even on systems |
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even on systems without X Windows.) |
without X Windows.) |
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<p> |
<p>There is no way to send an actual CTRL-B to the emulated program, when |
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There is no way to send an actual CTRL-B to the emulated program, when |
typing in the main controlling terminal window. The solution is to either |
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typing in the main controlling terminal window. The solution is to either |
use <a href="configfiles.html">configuration files</a>, or use |
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use <a href="configfiles.html">configuration files</a>, or use |
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<tt><b>-x</b></tt>. Both these solutions cause new xterms to be opened for |
<tt><b>-x</b></tt>. Both these solutions cause new xterms to be opened for |
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each emulated serial port that is written to. CTRL-B and CTRL-C both have |
each emulated serial port that is written to. CTRL-B and CTRL-C both have |
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their original meaning in those xterm windows. |
their original meaning in those xterm windows. |
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<h3>Which processor architectures does GXemul emulate?</h3> |
<h3>Which processor architectures does GXemul emulate?</h3> |
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The architectures that are emulated well enough to let at least one |
The architectures that are emulated well enough to let at least one |
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guest operating system run (per architecture) are ARM, MIPS, and |
guest operating system run (per architecture) are ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, |
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PowerPC. |
and SuperH. |
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<p>Please read the page about <a href="guestoses.html">guest operating |
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systems</a> for more information about the machines and operating systems |
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that can be considered "working" in the emulator. (There is some code in |
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GXemul for emulation of other architectures, but they are not stable or |
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complete enough to be listed among the "working" architectures.) |
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<p><br> |
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<a name="hosts"></a> |
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<h3>Which host architectures are supported?</h3> |
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As of release 0.4.0 of GXemul, the old binary translation subsystem, which |
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was used for emulation of MIPS processors on Alpha and i386 hosts, has |
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been removed. The current dynamic translation subsystem should work on any |
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host. |
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<p><br> |
<p><br> |
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<a name="translation"></a> |
<a name="hosts"></a> |
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<h3>What kind of translation does GXemul use?</h3> |
<h3>Which host architectures/platforms are supported?</h3> |
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<b>Static vs. dynamic:</b> |
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<p>In order to support guest operating systems, which can overwrite old |
GXemul should compile and run on any modern host architecture (64-bit or |
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code pages in memory with new code, it is necessary to translate code |
32-bit word-length). I generally test it on FreeBSD/amd64 6.x, |
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dynamically. It is not possible to do a "one-pass" (static) translation. |
FreeBSD/alpha 4.x, sometimes also on Linux (various platforms), and every |
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Self-modifying code and Just-in-Time compilers running inside |
now and then also on NetBSD inside the emulator itself (various platforms). |
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the emulator are other things that would not work with a static |
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translator. GXemul is a dynamic translator. However, it does not |
<p>Note 1: The <a href="translation.html">dynamic translation</a> engine |
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necessarily translate into native code, like many other emulators. |
does <i>not</i> require backends for native code generation to be written |
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for each individual host architecture; the intermediate representation |
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<p><b>"Runnable" Intermediate Representation:</b> |
that the dyntrans system uses can be executed on any host architecture. |
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<p>Dynamic translators usually translate from the emulated architecture |
<p>Note 2: Although GXemul may build and run on non-Unix-like platforms, |
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(e.g. MIPS) into a kind of <i>intermediate representation</i> (IR), and then |
such as Cygwin, Unix-like systems are the primary platform. Some |
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to native code (e.g. AMD64 or x86 code). Since one of my main goals for |
functionality may be lost when running on Cygwin. |
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GXemul is to keep everything as portable as possible, I have tried to make |
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sure that the IR is something which can be executed regardless of whether |
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the final step (translation from IR to native code) has been implemented |
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or not. |
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<p>The IR in GXemul consists of arrays of pointers to functions, and a few |
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arguments which are passed along to those functions. The functions are |
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implemented in either manually hand-coded C, or automatically generated C. |
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In any case, this is all statically linked into the GXemul binary at link |
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time. |
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<p>Here is a simplified diagram of how these arrays work. |
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<p><center><img src="simplified_dyntrans.png"></center> |
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<p>There is one instruction call slot for every possible program counter |
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location. In the MIPS case, instruction words are 32 bits in length, |
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and pages are (usually) 4 KB large, resulting in 1024 instruction call |
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slots. After the last of these instruction calls, there is an additional |
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call to a special "end of page" function (which doesn't count as an executed |
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instruction). This function switches to the first instruction |
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on the next virtual page (which might cause exceptions, etc). |
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<p>The complexity of individual instructions vary. A simple example of |
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what an instruction can look like is the MIPS <tt>addiu</tt> instruction: |
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<pre> |
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X(addiu) |
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{ |
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reg(ic->arg[1]) = (int32_t) |
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((int32_t)reg(ic->arg[0]) + (int32_t)ic->arg[2]); |
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} |
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</pre> |
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<p>It stores the result of a 32-bit addition of the register at arg[0] |
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with the immediate value arg[2] (treating both as signed 32-bit |
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integers) into register arg[1]. If the emulated CPU is a 64-bit CPU, |
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then this will store a correctly sign-extended value into arg[1]. |
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If it is a 32-bit CPU, then only the lowest 32 bits will be stored, |
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and the high part ignored. <tt>X(addiu)</tt> is expanded to |
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<tt>mips_instr_addiu</tt> in the 64-bit case, and <tt>mips32_instr_addiu</tt> |
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in the 32-bit case. Both are compiled into the GXemul executable; no code |
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is created during run-time. |
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<p>Here are examples of what the <tt>addiu</tt> instruction actually |
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looks like when it is compiled, on various host architectures: |
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<p><center><table border="0"> |
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<tr><td><b>GCC 4.0.1 on Alpha:</b></td> |
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<td width="35"></td><td></td> |
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<tr> |
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<td valign="top"> |
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<pre>mips_instr_addiu: |
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ldq t1,8(a1) |
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ldq t2,24(a1) |
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ldq t3,16(a1) |
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ldq t0,0(t1) |
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addl t0,t2,t0 |
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stq t0,0(t3) |
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ret</pre> |
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</td> |
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<td></td> |
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<td valign="top"> |
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<pre>mips32_instr_addiu: |
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ldq t2,8(a1) |
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ldq t0,24(a1) |
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ldq t3,16(a1) |
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ldl t1,0(t2) |
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addq t0,t1,t0 |
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stl t0,0(t3) |
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ret</pre> |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr><td><b><br>GCC 3.4.4 on AMD64:</b></td> |
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<tr> |
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<td valign="top"> |
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<pre>mips_instr_addiu: |
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mov 0x8(%rsi),%rdx |
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mov 0x18(%rsi),%rax |
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mov 0x10(%rsi),%rcx |
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add (%rdx),%eax |
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cltq |
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mov %rax,(%rcx) |
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retq</pre> |
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</td> |
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<td></td> |
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<td valign="top"> |
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<pre>mips32_instr_addiu: |
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mov 0x8(%rsi),%rcx |
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mov 0x10(%rsi),%rdx |
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mov (%rcx),%eax |
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add 0x18(%rsi),%eax |
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mov %eax,(%rdx) |
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retq</pre> |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr><td><b><br>GCC 4.0.1 on i386:</b></td> |
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<tr> |
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<td valign="top"> |
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<pre>mips_instr_addiu: |
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mov 0x8(%esp),%eax |
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mov 0x8(%eax),%ecx |
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mov 0x4(%eax),%edx |
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mov 0xc(%eax),%eax |
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add (%edx),%eax |
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mov %eax,(%ecx) |
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cltd |
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mov %edx,0x4(%ecx) |
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ret</pre> |
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</td> |
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<td></td> |
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<td valign="top"> |
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<pre>mips32_instr_addiu: |
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mov 0x8(%esp),%eax |
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mov 0x8(%eax),%ecx |
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mov 0x4(%eax),%edx |
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mov 0xc(%eax),%eax |
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add (%edx),%eax |
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mov %eax,(%ecx) |
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ret</pre> |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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</table></center> |
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<p>On 64-bit hosts, there is not much difference, but on 32-bit hosts (and |
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to some extent on AMD64), the difference is enough to make it worthwhile. |
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<p><b>Performance:</b> |
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<p>The performance of using this kind of runnable IR is obviously lower |
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than what can be achieved by emulators using native code generation, but |
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can be significantly higher than using a naive fetch-decode-execute |
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interpretation loop. In my opinion, using a runnable IR is an interesting |
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compromise. |
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<p>The overhead per emulated instruction is usually around or below |
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approximately 10 host instructions. This is very much dependent on your |
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host architecture and what compiler and compiler switches you are using. |
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Added to this instruction count is (of course) also the C code used to |
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implement each specific instruction. |
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<p><b>Instruction Combinations:</b> |
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<p>Short, common instruction sequences can sometimes be replaced by a |
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"compound" instruction. An example could be a compare instruction followed |
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by a conditional branch instruction. The advantages of instruction |
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combinations are that |
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<ul> |
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<li>the amortized overhead per instruction is slightly reduced, and |
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<p> |
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<li>the host's compiler can make a good job at optimizing the common |
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instruction sequence. |
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</ul> |
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<p>The special cases where instruction combinations give the most gain |
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are in the cores of string/memory manipulation functions such as |
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<tt>memset()</tt> or <tt>strlen()</tt>. The core loop can then (at least |
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to some extent) be replaced by a native call to the equivalent function. |
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<p>The implementations of compound instructions still keep track of the |
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number of executed instructions, etc. When single-stepping, these |
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translations are invalidated, and replaced by normal instruction calls |
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(one per emulated instruction). |
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<p><b>Native Code Back-ends: (not in this release)</b> |
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<p>In theory, it will be possible to implement native code generation |
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(similar to what is used in high-performance emulators such as QEMU), |
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as long as that generated code abides to the C ABI on the host, but |
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for now I wanted to make sure that GXemul works without such native |
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code back-ends. For this reason, as of release 0.4.0, GXemul is |
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completely free of native code back-ends. |
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operating systems think that they are there, but for all practical |
operating systems think that they are there, but for all practical |
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purposes, these caches are non-working. |
purposes, these caches are non-working. |
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<p>The emulator is <i>not</i> timing-accurate. It can be run in a |
<p>The emulator is in general <i>not</i> timing-accurate, neither at the |
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"deterministic" mode, <tt><b>-D</b></tt>. The meaning of deterministic is |
instruction level nor on any higher level. An attempt is made to let |
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simply that running two emulations with the same settings will result in |
emulated clocks run at the same speed as the host (i.e. an emulated timer |
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identical runs. Obviously, this requires that no user interaction is |
running at 100 Hz will interrupt around 100 times per real second), but |
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taking place, and that clock speeds are fixed with the <tt><b>-I</b></tt> |
since the host speed may vary, e.g. because of other running processes, |
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option. (Deterministic in this case does <i>not</i> mean that the |
there is no guarantee as to how many instructions will be executed in |
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emulation will be identical to some actual real-world machine.) |
each of these 100 Hz cycles. |
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|
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<p>(Note that user interaction means <i>both</i> input to the emulated |
<p>If the host is very slow, the emulated clocks might even lag behind |
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program/OS, and interaction with the emulator's debugger. Breaking into the |
the real-world clock. |
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debugger and then continuing execution may affect when/how interrupts |
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occur.) |
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<ul> |
<ul> |
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<li><b><u>ARM</u></b> |
<li><b><u>ARM</u></b> |
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<ul> |
<ul> |
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<li><b>CATS</b> (NetBSD/cats, OpenBSD/cats) |
<li><b>CATS</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdcatsinstall">NetBSD/cats</a>, |
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<li><b>IQ80321</b> (NetBSD/evbarm) |
<a href="guestoses.html#openbsdcatsinstall">OpenBSD/cats</a>) |
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<li><b>IQ80321</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdevbarminstall">NetBSD/evbarm</a>) |
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<li><b>NetWinder</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdnetwinderinstall">NetBSD/netwinder</a>) |
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</ul> |
</ul> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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<li><b><u>MIPS</u></b> |
<li><b><u>MIPS</u></b> |
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<ul> |
<ul> |
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<li><b>DECstation 5000/200</b> (NetBSD/pmax, OpenBSD/pmax, Ultrix, |
<li><b>DECstation 5000/200</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdpmaxinstall">NetBSD/pmax</a>, |
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Linux/DECstation, Sprite) |
<a href="guestoses.html#openbsdpmaxinstall">OpenBSD/pmax</a>, |
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<li><b>Acer Pica-61</b> (NetBSD/arc) |
<a href="guestoses.html#ultrixinstall">Ultrix</a>, |
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<li><b>NEC MobilePro 770, 780, 800, and 880</b> (NetBSD/hpcmips) |
<a href="guestoses.html#declinux">Linux/DECstation</a>, |
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<li><b>Cobalt</b> (NetBSD/cobalt) |
<a href="guestoses.html#sprite">Sprite</a>) |
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<li><b>Malta</b> (NetBSD/evbmips) |
<li><b>Acer Pica-61</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdarcinstall">NetBSD/arc</a>) |
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<li><b>SGI O2 (aka IP32)</b> <font color="#0000e0">(<super>*</super>)</font> |
<li><b>NEC MobilePro 770, 780, 800, 880</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdhpcmipsinstall">NetBSD/hpcmips</a>) |
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(NetBSD/sgi) |
<li><b>Cobalt</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdcobaltinstall">NetBSD/cobalt</a>) |
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|
<li><b>Malta</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdevbmipsinstall">NetBSD/evbmips</a>, Linux/Malta <font color="#0000e0">(<super>*1</super>)</font>) |
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<li><b>Algorithmics P5064</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdalgorinstall">NetBSD/algor</a>) |
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<li><b>SGI O2 (aka IP32)</b> <font color="#0000e0">(<super>*2</super>)</font> |
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(<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdsgimips">NetBSD/sgi</a>) |
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</ul> |
</ul> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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<li><b><u>PowerPC</u></b> |
<li><b><u>PowerPC</u></b> |
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<ul> |
<ul> |
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<li><b>IBM 6050/6070 (PReP, PowerPC Reference Platform)</b> (NetBSD/prep) |
<li><b>IBM 6050/6070 (PReP, PowerPC Reference Platform)</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdprepinstall">NetBSD/prep</a>) |
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|
<li><b>MacPPC (generic "G4" Macintosh)</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdmacppcinstall">NetBSD/macppc</a>) |
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<li><b>Artesyn PM/PPC</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#netbsdpmppc">NetBSD/pmppc</a>) |
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</ul> |
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<p> |
338 |
|
<li><b><u>SuperH</u></b> |
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<ul> |
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|
<li><b>Sega Dreamcast</b> (<a href="dreamcast.html#netbsd_generic_md">NetBSD/dreamcast</a>, <a href="dreamcast.html#linux_live_cd">Linux/dreamcast</a>) |
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<li><b>Landisk I-O DATA USL-5P</b> (<a href="guestoses.html#openbsdlandiskinstall">OpenBSD/landisk</a>) |
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</ul> |
</ul> |
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</ul> |
</ul> |
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|
|
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<p><small><font color="#0000e0">(<super>*</super>)</font> = |
<p> |
346 |
Enough for root-on-nfs, but not for disk boot.)</small> |
<small><font color="#0000e0">(<super>*1</super>)</font> = |
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|
Linux/Malta may be run as a guest OS, however I have not yet found any stable |
348 |
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URL to pre-compiled Linux/Malta kernels. Thus, Linux/Malta emulation is not |
349 |
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tested for every release of the emulator; sometimes it works, sometimes |
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it doesn't.</small> |
351 |
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|
352 |
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<br><small><font color="#0000e0">(<super>*2</super>)</font> = |
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SGI O2 emulation is enough for root-on-nfs, but not for disk boot.</small> |
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|
|
355 |
|
<p>Note that of all of the machines above, none of them is emulated to |
356 |
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100%. The most complete emulation mode is probably the DECstation |
357 |
|
5000/200. Things that will most likely <b>not</b> work include running |
358 |
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raw PROM images for most machines, SGI IRIX, MacOS X or Darwin, Windows |
359 |
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NT, or Dreamcast games. |
360 |
|
|
361 |
<p>There is code in GXemul for emulation of many other machine types; the |
<p>There is code in GXemul for emulation of several other machine types; the |
362 |
degree to which these work range from almost being able to run a complete |
degree to which these work range from almost being able to run a complete |
363 |
OS, to almost completely unsupported (perhaps just enough support to |
OS, to almost completely unsupported, perhaps just enough support to |
364 |
output a few boot messages via serial console). |
output a few boot messages via serial console. (See the end of |
365 |
|
<a href="guestoses.html#generalnotes">this section</a> on the Guest OSes |
366 |
|
page for some examples, but remember that these do not necessarily work.) |
367 |
|
|
368 |
<p>In addition to emulating real machines, there is also a "test-machine". |
<p>In addition to emulating real machines, there is also a "test-machine". |
369 |
A test-machine consists of one or more CPUs and a few experimental devices |
A test-machine consists of one or more CPUs and a few experimental devices |
374 |
<li>a console I/O device (putchar() and getchar()...) |
<li>a console I/O device (putchar() and getchar()...) |
375 |
<li>an inter-processor communication device, for SMP experiments |
<li>an inter-processor communication device, for SMP experiments |
376 |
<li>a very simple linear framebuffer device (for graphics output) |
<li>a very simple linear framebuffer device (for graphics output) |
377 |
<li>a simple SCSI disk controller |
<li>a simple disk controller |
378 |
<li>a simple ethernet controller |
<li>a simple ethernet controller |
379 |
|
<li>a real-time clock device |
380 |
</ul> |
</ul> |
381 |
|
|
382 |
<p>This mode is useful if you wish to run experimental code, but do not |
<p>This mode is useful if you wish to run experimental code, but do not |