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<b>GXemul documentation: Introduction</b></font></td></tr> |
<b>GXemul documentation:</b></font> |
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<font color="#000000" size="6"><b>Introduction</b> |
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$Id: intro.html,v 1.30 2005/04/07 15:43:15 debug Exp $ |
$Id: intro.html,v 1.46 2005/06/04 12:02:17 debug Exp $ |
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Copyright (C) 2003-2005 Anders Gavare. All rights reserved. |
Copyright (C) 2003-2005 Anders Gavare. All rights reserved. |
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<p> |
<p> |
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<ul> |
<ul> |
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<li><a href="#overview">Overview</a> |
<li><a href="#overview">Overview</a> |
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<li><a href="#free">Is GXemul free software?</a> |
<li><a href="#free">Is GXemul Free software?</a> |
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<li><a href="#build">How to compile/build the emulator</a> |
<li><a href="#build">How to compile/build the emulator</a> |
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<li><a href="#run">How to run the emulator</a> |
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<li><a href="#cpus">Which CPU types does GXemul emulate?</a> |
<li><a href="#cpus">Which CPU types does GXemul emulate?</a> |
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<li><a href="#accuracy">Emulation accuracy</a> |
<li><a href="#accuracy">Emulation accuracy</a> |
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<li><a href="#emulmodes">Which machines does GXemul emulate?</a> |
<li><a href="#emulmodes">Which machines does GXemul emulate?</a> |
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systems run as if they were running on a real machine. |
systems run as if they were running on a real machine. |
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<p> |
<p> |
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It is important to keep in mind that devices and CPUs are not really |
Devices and CPUs are not simulated with 100% accuracy. They are only |
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emulated correctly, they are only "faked" well enough to make eg. NetBSD |
"faked" well enough to make operating systems (eg NetBSD) run without |
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run. Still, the emulator could be of interest for academic research and |
complaining too much. Still, the emulator could be of interest for |
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experiments, such as when learning how to write an OS for a real machine, |
academic research and experiments, such as when learning how to write |
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or profiling SMP, memory, or system call usage. |
operating system code. |
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<p> |
<p> |
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The emulator is written in C, does not depend on external libraries (except |
The emulator is written in C, does not depend on external libraries (except |
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X11, but that is optional), and should compile and run on most Unix-like |
X11, but that is optional), and should compile and run on most Unix-like |
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systems. If it doesn't, then that is a bug. |
systems. If it doesn't, then that is a bug. |
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(You do not need any MIPS compiler toolchain to build or use GXemul. |
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If you need to compile MIPS binaries from sources, then of course you need |
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such a toolchain, but that is completely separate from GXemul.) |
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<p> |
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The emulator contains code which tries to emulate the workings of CPUs and |
The emulator contains code which tries to emulate the workings of CPUs and |
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You can use pre-compiled kernels (for example NetBSD kernels, or Linux), |
You can use pre-compiled kernels (for example NetBSD kernels, or Linux), |
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or other programs that are in binary format, and in some cases even actual |
or other programs that are in binary format, and in some cases even actual |
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ROM images. A couple of different file formats are supported (ELF, a.out, |
ROM images. A couple of different file formats are supported (ELF, a.out, |
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ECOFF, SREC, raw binaries). |
ECOFF, SREC, and raw binaries). |
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<p> |
<p> |
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(You do not need any MIPS compiler toolchain to build or use GXemul. |
If you do not have a kernel as a separate file, but you have a bootable |
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If you need to compile MIPS binaries from sources, then of course you need |
disk image, then it is sometimes possible to boot directly from that |
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such a toolchain, but that is completely separate from GXemul. There |
image. (This works for example with DECstation emulation, or when booting |
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is a <a href="technical.html#regtest">regression testing</a> framework, |
from ISO9660 CDROM images.) |
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which requires that a GNU CC for mips64-unknown-elf or similar is available. |
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For simply building and using the emulator, it is not required.) |
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<p><br> |
<p><br> |
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<a name="free"></a> |
<a name="free"></a> |
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<h3>Is GXemul free software?</h3> |
<h3>Is GXemul Free software?</h3> |
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Yes. I have released GXemul under a free license. |
Yes. I have released GXemul under a Free license. The code in GXemul is |
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(For a definitions of the four freedoms associated with free software, |
Copyrighted software, it is <i>not</i> public domain. (If this is |
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please read <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html"> |
confusing to you, you might want to read up on the definitions of the |
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http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>.) |
four freedoms associated with Free software, <a |
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href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>.) |
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<p> |
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The code I have written is released under a 3-clause BSD-style license |
The code I have written is released under a 3-clause BSD-style license |
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(or "revised BSD-style" if one wants to use |
(or "revised BSD-style" if one wants to use |
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<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/bsd.html">GNU jargon</a>.) |
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/bsd.html">GNU jargon</a>). |
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Apart from the code I have written, some files are copied from other sources |
Apart from the code I have written, some files are copied from other sources |
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such as NetBSD, for example header files containing symbolic names of |
such as NetBSD, for example header files containing symbolic names of |
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bitfields in device registers. They are also covered by similar licenses, |
bitfields in device registers. They are also covered by similar licenses, |
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</pre> |
</pre> |
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<p> |
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This should work on most Unix-like systems. If it doesn't, then please |
This should work on most Unix-like systems. If it doesn't, then |
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mail me a bug report. |
mail me a bug report. |
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<p> |
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</pre> |
</pre> |
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<p> |
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Run <b>./configure --help</b> to get a list of configure options. (The |
Run <b><tt>./configure --help</tt></b> to get a list of configure options. (The |
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possible options differ between different releases and snapshots.) |
possible options differ between different releases and snapshots.) |
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<p><br> |
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<a name="run"></a> |
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<h3>How to run the emulator:</h3> |
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Once you have built GXemul, running it should be rather straight-forward. |
Once you have built GXemul, running it should be rather straight-forward. |
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Running <tt><b>gxemul</b></tt> without arguments (or with the |
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<b><tt>-h</tt></b> or <b><tt>-H</tt></b> command line options) will |
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display a help message. |
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<p> |
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To get some ideas about what is possible to run in the emulator, please |
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read the section about <a href="guestoses.html">installing "guest" |
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operating systems</a>. If you are interested in using the emulator to |
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develop code on your own, then you should also read the section about |
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<a href="experiments.html#hello">Hello World</a>. |
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<p> |
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To exit the emulator, type CTRL-C to enter the |
To exit the emulator, type CTRL-C to enter the |
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single-step debugger, and then type <b>quit</b>. By typing CTRL-B instead, |
single-step debugger, and then type <tt><b>quit</b></tt>. |
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a CTRL-C is sent to the emulated program. |
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<p> |
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If you are starting an emulation by entering settings directly on the |
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command line, and you are not using the <tt><b>-x</b></tt> option, then all |
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terminal input and output will go to the main controlling terminal. |
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CTRL-C is used to break into the debugger, so in order to send CTRL-C to |
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the running (emulated) program, you may use CTRL-B. |
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(This should be a reasonable compromise to allow the emulator to be usable |
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even on systems without X Windows.) |
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<p> |
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There is no way to send an actual CTRL-B to the emulated program, when |
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typing in the main controlling terminal window. The solution is to either |
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use <a href="configfiles.html">configuration files</a>, or use |
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<tt><b>-x</b></tt>. Both these solutions cause new xterms to be opened for |
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each emulated serial port that is written to. CTRL-B and CTRL-C both have |
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their original meaning in those xterm windows. |
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<h4>MIPS:</h4> |
<h4>MIPS:</h4> |
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Emulation of R4000, which is a 64-bit CPU, was my initial goal. Right |
Emulation of R4000, which is a 64-bit CPU, was my initial goal. |
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now, R2000/R3000-like CPUs are also emulated (32-bit), and emulation of |
R2000/R3000-like CPUs (32-bit), R1x000, and generic MIPS32/MIPS64-style |
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R1x000 (at least the parts that are similar to R4000) is beginning to work |
CPUs are also emulated, and are hopefully almost as stable as the R4000 |
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as expected. Code targeted for MIPS32 and MIPS64 also often work. |
emulation. |
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<p> |
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I have written an experimental dynamic binary translation subsystem. |
I have written an experimental dynamic binary translation subsystem. |
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the command line, but keep in mind that it is still experimental.) |
the command line, but keep in mind that it is still experimental.) |
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<h4>URISC:</h4> |
<h4>URISC:</h4> |
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I have implemented an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URISC">URISC</a> |
I have implemented an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URISC">URISC</a> |
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performance.) |
performance.) |
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<h4>POWER/PowerPC</h4> |
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There is some code for 64-bit (and 32-bit) POWER/PowerPC emulation, enough |
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to run "Hello World", but not enough to run complete operating systems. |
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This mode isn't really working yet. |
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<h4>Other CPU types:</h4> |
<h4>Other CPU types:</h4> |
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There is some code for 64-bit (and 32-bit) POWER/PowerPC emulation too, |
Some other CPU architectures (such as x86) can also be partially emulated. |
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but it only works for "Hello World" and similarly trivial programs. (There |
These are not enabled by default though, because of their unstable-ness. |
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are some other CPU modes too, but they are working even less.) |
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<a name="accuracy"></a> |
<a name="accuracy"></a> |
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<h3>Emulation accuracy:</h3> |
<h3>Emulation accuracy:</h3> |
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GXemul is an instruction-level simulator; things that would happen in |
GXemul is an instruction-level emulator; things that would happen in |
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several steps within a real CPU are not taken into account (eg. pipe-line |
several steps within a real CPU are not taken into account (eg. pipe-line |
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stages or out-of-order execution). Still, instruction-level accuracy seems |
stalls or out-of-order execution). Still, instruction-level accuracy seems |
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to be enough to be able to run complete guest operating systems inside the |
to be enough to be able to run complete guest operating systems inside the |
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emulator. |
emulator. |
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<p> |
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Caches are by default not emulated. In some cases, the existance of caches |
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is "faked" to let operating systems think that they are there. (There is |
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some old code for R2000/R3000 caches, but it has probably suffered from |
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bitrot by now.) |
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<p> |
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The emulator is <i>not</i> timing-accurate. It can be run in a |
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"deterministic" mode, <tt><b>-D</b></tt>. The meaning of deterministic is |
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simply that running two emulations with the same settings will result in |
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identical runs. Obviously, this requires that no user interaction is |
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taking place, and that clock speeds are fixed with the <tt><b>-I</b></tt> |
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option. (Deterministic in this case does <i>not</i> mean that the emulation |
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will be identical to some actual real-world machine.) |
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<a name="emulmodes"></a> |
<a name="emulmodes"></a> |
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<h3>Which machines does GXemul emulate?</h3> |
<h3>Which machines does GXemul emulate?</h3> |
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A few different machine types are emulated. The machine types that are |
A few different machine types are emulated. The following machine types |
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emulated best at the moment are: |
are emulated well enough to run at least one "guest OS": |
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<p> |
<p> |
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<ul> |
<ul> |
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<li><b>DECstation 5000/200</b> ("pmax") |
<li><b>DECstation 5000/200</b> ("3max") |
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<br>(Serial controller (including keyboard and mouse), ethernet, |
<br>Serial controller (including keyboard and mouse), ethernet, |
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SCSI, and graphical framebuffers.) |
SCSI, and graphical framebuffers. |
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<p> |
<p> |
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<li><b>Acer Pica-61</b> (an ARC machine) |
<li><b>Acer Pica-61</b> (an ARC machine) |
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<br>(Serial controller, "VGA" text console, and SCSI.) |
<br>Serial controller, "VGA" text console, and SCSI. |
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<p> |
<p> |
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<li><b>NEC MobilePro 770, 780, 800, and 880</b> (HPCmips machines) |
<li><b>NEC MobilePro 770, 780, 800, and 880</b> (HPCmips machines) |
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<br>(Framebuffer, keyboard, and a PCMCIA IDE controller.) |
<br>Framebuffer, keyboard, and a PCMCIA IDE controller. |
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<p> |
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<li><b>Cobalt</b> |
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<br>Serial controller and PCI IDE. |
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</ul> |
</ul> |
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<p> |
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support to output a few boot messages via serial console). |
support to output a few boot messages via serial console). |
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<p> |
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In addition to specific machine types, a "test-machine" can be emulated. |
In addition to emulating real machines, there is also a "test-machine". |
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A test-machine consists of one or more CPUs and a few experimental |
A test-machine consists of one or more CPUs and a few experimental |
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devices such as: |
devices such as: |
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<a name="guestos"></a> |
<a name="guestos"></a> |
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<h3>Which guest OSes are possible to run?</h3> |
<h3>Which guest OSes are possible to run?</h3> |
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This table sums up the guest OSes that run well enough to be considered |
This table lists the guest OSes that run well enough to be considered |
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working in the emulator. They can boot from a harddisk image and be |
working in the emulator. They can boot from a harddisk image and be |
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interacted with similar to a real machine: |
interacted with similar to a real machine. |
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<p><br> |
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<center> |
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<table border="0"> |
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<tr><td> |
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<table border="0"> |
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<tr><td align="center"> |
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<td valign="top"><b><u>Guest OS:</u></b></td> |
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<td width="15"> </td> |
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<td valign="top"><b><u>Emulation mode:</u></b></td> |
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<td width="35"> </td> |
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<td valign="top"><b><u>Guest OS:</u></b></td> |
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<td width="15"> </td> |
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<td valign="top"><b><u>Emulation mode:</u></b></td> |
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</tr> |
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<td height="1"></td> |
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</tr> |
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<td valign="top"><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/pmax/">NetBSD/pmax</a></td> |
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<td></td> |
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<td valign="top">DECstation</td> |
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<td></td> |
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<td valign="top"><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/arc/">NetBSD/arc</a></td> |
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<td></td> |
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<td valign="top">ARC (Acer Pica)</td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr> |
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<td valign="top"><a href="http://www.openbsd.org/pmax.html">OpenBSD/pmax</a></td> |
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<td></td> |
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<td valign="top">DECstation</td> |
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<td></td> |
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<td valign="top"><a href="http://www.openbsd.org/arc.html">OpenBSD/arc</a></td> |
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<td></td> |
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<td valign="top">ARC (Acer Pica)</td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr> |
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<td valign="top">Ultrix/RISC</td> |
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<td></td> |
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<td valign="top">DECstation</td> |
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<td></td> |
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<td valign="top"><a href="http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/sprite/retrospective.html">Sprite</a></td> |
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<td></td> |
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<td valign="top">DECstation</td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr> |
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<td valign="top">Redhat Linux<super>*</super></td> |
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<td></td> |
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<td valign="top">DECstation</td> |
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<td></td> |
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<td valign="top"><a href="http://www.debian.org/">Debian GNU/Linux</a><super>*</super></td> |
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<td></td> |
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<td valign="top">DECstation</td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr> |
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<td valign="top"><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/hpcmips/">NetBSD/hpcmips</a></td> |
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<td></td> |
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<td valign="top">NEC MobilePro</td> |
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</tr> |
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</table> |
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</td></tr> |
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<tr><td height="15"> </td></tr> |
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<tr><td> |
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<center> |
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<table border="0"> |
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<tr> |
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<td width=160 align=center><a href="netbsd-pmax-20040630.png"><img src="netbsd-pmax-20040630_small.png"></a></td> |
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<td width=160 align=center><a href="openbsd-pmax-20040710.png"><img src="openbsd-pmax-20040710_small.png"></a></td> |
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<td width=160 align=center><a href="ultrix4.5-20040706.png"><img src="ultrix4.5-20040706_small.gif"></a></td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr> |
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<td align=center>NetBSD/pmax 1.6.2</td> |
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<td align=center>OpenBSD/pmax 2.8</td> |
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<td align=center>Ultrix 4.5</td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr> |
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<td height=10> </td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr> |
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<td width=160 align=center><a href="20041024-netbsd-arc-installed.gif"><img src="20041024-netbsd-arc-installed_small.gif"></a></td> |
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<td width=160 align=center><a href="20041024-openbsd-arc-installed.gif"><img src="20041024-openbsd-arc-installed_small.gif"></a></td> |
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<td width=160 align=center><a href="sprite-20040711.png"><img src="sprite-20040711_small.png"></a></td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr> |
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<td align=center>NetBSD/arc 1.6.2</td> |
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<td align=center>OpenBSD/arc 2.3</td> |
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<td align=center>Sprite</td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr> |
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<td height=10> </td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr> |
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<td width=160 align=center><a href="20041129-redhat_mips.png"><img src="20041129-redhat_mips_small.png"></a></td> |
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<td width=160 align=center><a href="20041213-debian_4.png"><img src="20041213-debian_4_small.gif"></a></td> |
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<td width=160 align=center><a href="20050331-netbsd-hpcmips.png"><img src="20050331-netbsd-hpcmips_small.png"></a></td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr> |
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<td align=center>Redhat Linux<super>*</super></td> |
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<td align=center>Debian GNU/Linux<super>*</super></td> |
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<td align=center>NetBSD/hpcmips</td> |
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</tr> |
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</table> |
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</center> |
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</td></tr> |
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</table> |
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</td></tr> |
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</table> |
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</center> |
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<p><br> |
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(<super>*</super> Although Linux runs under DECstation emulation, the |
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default kernel in Debian GNU/Linux does not support keyboards on the 5000/200 |
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(the specific DECstation model being emulated), so when the login prompt |
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is reached you cannot interact with the system. |
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Kaj-Michael Lang has compiled and made available a newer kernel from the |
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current mips-linux development tree. You can find it here: |
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<a href="http://home.tal.org/~milang/o2/kernels/">http://home.tal.org/~milang/o2/kernels</a>/<a href="http://home.tal.org/~milang/o2/kernels/vmlinux-2.4.29-rc2-r3k-mipsel-decstation">vmlinux-2.4.29-rc2-r3k-mipsel-decstation</a> |
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This newer kernel supports keyboard input, but it does not have Debian's |
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ethernet patches, so you will not be able to use keyboard/framebuffer |
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<i>and</i> networking at the same time.) |
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|
361 |
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362 |
<p> |
<p> |
363 |
It is non-trivial to get a specific operating system or OS kernel to |
<center><table border="0"> |
364 |
run in the emulator, so don't expect the list above to grow too quickly. |
<tr> |
365 |
|
<td width="10"></td> |
366 |
<p> |
<td align="center"><a href="20050317-example.png"><img src="20050317-example_small.png"></a></td> |
367 |
There is no guarantee that anything specific will run in the emulator, but |
<td width="15"></td> |
368 |
NetBSD is a good starting point for someone who wants to experiment. |
<td><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/pmax/">NetBSD/pmax</a> |
369 |
|
<br>DECstation 5000/200</td> |
370 |
|
<td width="30"></td> |
371 |
|
<td align="center"><a href="20041024-netbsd-arc-installed.gif"><img src="20041024-netbsd-arc-installed_small.gif"></a></td> |
372 |
|
<td width="15"></td> |
373 |
|
<td><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/arc/">NetBSD/arc</a> |
374 |
|
<br>Acer Pica-61</td> |
375 |
|
|
376 |
|
</tr> |
377 |
|
|
378 |
|
<tr><td height="10"></td></tr> |
379 |
|
|
380 |
|
<tr> |
381 |
|
<td></td> |
382 |
|
<td align="center"><a href="openbsd-pmax-20040710.png"><img src="openbsd-pmax-20040710_small.png"></a></td> |
383 |
|
<td></td> |
384 |
|
<td><a href="http://www.openbsd.org/pmax.html">OpenBSD/pmax</a> |
385 |
|
<br>DECstation 5000/200</td> |
386 |
|
<td></td> |
387 |
|
<td align="center"><a href="20041024-openbsd-arc-installed.gif"><img src="20041024-openbsd-arc-installed_small.gif"></a></td> |
388 |
|
<td></td> |
389 |
|
<td><a href="http://www.openbsd.org/arc.html">OpenBSD/arc</a> |
390 |
|
<br>Acer Pica-61</td> |
391 |
|
</tr> |
392 |
|
|
393 |
|
<tr><td height="10"></td></tr> |
394 |
|
|
395 |
|
<tr> |
396 |
|
<td></td> |
397 |
|
<td align="center"><a href="ultrix4.5-20040706.png"><img src="ultrix4.5-20040706_small.gif"></a></td> |
398 |
|
<td></td> |
399 |
|
<td>Ultrix/RISC<br>DECstation 5000/200</td> |
400 |
|
<td></td> |
401 |
|
<td align="center"><a href="20041213-debian_4.png"><img src="20041213-debian_4_small.gif"></a></td> |
402 |
|
<td></td> |
403 |
|
<td><a href="http://www.debian.org/">Debian GNU/Linux</a> <super>*</super> |
404 |
|
<br>DECstation 5000/200</td> |
405 |
|
</tr> |
406 |
|
|
407 |
|
<tr><td height="10"></td></tr> |
408 |
|
|
409 |
|
<tr> |
410 |
|
<td></td> |
411 |
|
<td align="center"><a href="sprite-20040711.png"><img src="sprite-20040711_small.png"></a></td> |
412 |
|
<td></td> |
413 |
|
<td><a href="http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/sprite/retrospective.html">Sprite</a> |
414 |
|
<br>DECstation 5000/200</td> |
415 |
|
<td></td> |
416 |
|
<td align="center"><a href="20041129-redhat_mips.png"><img src="20041129-redhat_mips_small.png"></a></td> |
417 |
|
<td></td> |
418 |
|
<td>Redhat Linux <super>*</super> |
419 |
|
<br>DECstation 5000/200</td> |
420 |
|
</tr> |
421 |
|
|
422 |
|
<tr><td height="10"></td></tr> |
423 |
|
|
424 |
|
<tr> |
425 |
|
<td></td> |
426 |
|
<td align="center"><a href="20050427-netbsd-hpcmips-2.png"><img src="20050427-netbsd-hpcmips-2_small.png"></a></td> |
427 |
|
<td></td> |
428 |
|
<td><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/hpcmips/">NetBSD/hpcmips</a> |
429 |
|
<br>NEC MobilePro 770, 780, 800, 880</td> |
430 |
|
<td></td> |
431 |
|
<td align="center"><a href="20050413-netbsd-cobalt.png"><img src="20050413-netbsd-cobalt_small.png"></a></td> |
432 |
|
<td></td> |
433 |
|
<td><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/cobalt/">NetBSD/cobalt</a> |
434 |
|
<br>Cobalt</td> |
435 |
|
</tr> |
436 |
|
|
437 |
|
</table></center> |
438 |
|
|
439 |
|
|
440 |
|
<p><br> |
441 |
|
|
442 |
|
<super>*</super> Although Linux runs under DECstation emulation, the |
443 |
|
default 2.4.27 kernel in Debian GNU/Linux does not support keyboards on |
444 |
|
the 5000/200 (the specific DECstation model being emulated), so when the |
445 |
|
login prompt is reached you cannot interact with the system. Kaj-Michael |
446 |
|
Lang has compiled and made available a newer kernel from the current |
447 |
|
mips-linux development tree. You can find it here: <a |
448 |
|
href="http://home.tal.org/~milang/o2/kernels/">http://home.tal.org/~milang/o2/kernels</a>/<a |
449 |
|
href="http://home.tal.org/~milang/o2/kernels/vmlinux-2.4.29-rc2-r3k-mipsel-decstation">vmlinux-2.4.29-rc2-r3k-mipsel-decstation</a> |
450 |
|
This newer kernel supports keyboard input, but it does not have Debian's |
451 |
|
ethernet patches, so you will not be able to use keyboard/framebuffer |
452 |
|
<i>and</i> networking at the same time. |
453 |
|
|
|
</p> |
|
454 |
|
|
455 |
</body> |
</body> |
456 |
</html> |
</html> |