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<b>Gavare's eXperimental Emulator:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</b></font>
<font color="#000000" size="6"><b>Installing and running "guest OSes"</b>
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<p><br>
<h2>Installing and running "guest OSes"</h2>

<p>
<ul>
  <li><a href="#generalnotes">General notes on running "guest OSes"</a>
  <li><a href="#netbsdinstall">NetBSD/pmax</a>
  <li><a href="#netbsdarcinstall">NetBSD/arc</a>
  <li><a href="#netbsdhpcmipsinstall">NetBSD/hpcmips</a>
  <li><a href="#netbsdcobaltinstall">NetBSD/cobalt</a>
  <li><a href="#netbsdevbmipsinstall">NetBSD/evbmips</a>
  <li><a href="#netbsdsgimips">NetBSD/sgimips</a>
  <li><a href="#netbsdcatsinstall">NetBSD/cats</a>
  <li><a href="#openbsdinstall">OpenBSD/pmax</a>
  <li><a href="#openbsdarcinstall">OpenBSD/arc</a>
  <li><a href="#openbsdcatsinstall">OpenBSD/cats</a>
  <li><a href="#ultrixinstall">Ultrix/RISC</a>
  <li><a href="#sprite">Sprite for DECstation</a>
  <li><a href="#declinux">Debian GNU/Linux for DECstation</a>
  <li><a href="#declinuxredhat">Redhat Linux for DECstation</a>
</ul>

<p>In addition to the "working" guest operating systems listed above,
you might find the following information interesting:
<ul>
  <li><a href="#mach">Mach/PMAX</a>
  <li><a href="#openbsdsgiinstall">OpenBSD/sgi</a>
  <li><a href="#netbsdnetwinderinstall">NetBSD/netwinder</a>
</ul>


<p><br>
<a name="generalnotes"></a>
<h3>General notes on running "guest OSes":</h3>

The emulator works well enough to run complete operating systems. These 
are often refered to as "guest" operating systems.

<p>
Although it is possible to let a guest OS access real hardware, such as
harddisks, it is much more flexible and attractive to simulate harddisks
using files residing in the host's filesystem. On Unix-like systems, files
may contain holes, which makes this really simple. To the guest operating
system, the harddisk image looks and acts like a real disk.


<p><br>
<a name="netbsdinstall"></a>
<h3>NetBSD/pmax:</h3>

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20050317-example.png"><img src="20050317-example_small.png"></a>

<p>To install <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/pmax/">NetBSD/pmax</a>
onto a harddisk image in the emulator, follow these instructions:

<p><ol start="1">
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
        that NetBSD installs itself onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_pmax.img bs=1 count=512 seek=1900000000</b>

</pre>
</ol>

<p>
From this point, there are two separate ways to continue the installation.
You can either download a CD-ROM iso image (and let the installation 
program copy files from the CD-ROM image to the harddisk image), or you 
can install via ftp. For an installation from a CD-ROM image, follow these 
steps:
<p>
<ol start="2">

  <li>Download a NetBSD CD-ROM iso image:<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/1.6.2/pmaxcd.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/1.6.2/pmaxcd.iso</a>
        or
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.0.2/pmaxcd.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.0.2/pmaxcd.iso</a>

</pre>
  <li>Start the emulator like this:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -A -d nbsd_pmax.img -d bc:pmaxcd.iso</b>
</pre>
        and proceed like you would do if you were installing NetBSD on a real
        DECstation. Remember to choose <tt>vt100</tt> as your terminal
        type, and not <tt>rcons</tt>.
</ol>
<p>
For an ftp install, substitute steps 2 and 3 above with these:
<p>
<ol start="2">

  <li>Download a NetBSD pmax INSTALL kernel:<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-1.6.2/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-1.6.2/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz</a>
        or
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0.2/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0.2/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz</a>

</pre>
  <li>Start the emulator like this:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -A -d nbsd_pmax.img -O netbsd-INSTALL.gz</b>
</pre>
        and proceed like you would do if you were installing NetBSD on a real
        DECstation. Remember to choose <tt>vt100</tt> as your terminal
        type, and not <tt>rcons</tt>. Suitable networking parameters are as
        follows:<pre>
        Which device shall I use? [le0]: <b>le0</b>
        ..
        Your DNS domain: <b>mydomain.com</b>
        Your host name: <b>foo</b>
        Your IPv4 number: <b>10.0.0.1</b>
        IPv4 Netmask [0xff000000]: <b>0xff000000</b>
        IPv4 gateway: <b>10.0.0.254</b>
        IPv4 name server: <b>10.0.0.254</b>
</pre>
        (If using 10.0.0.254 as the nameserver fails, then try entering the
        IP number of a real-world nameserver instead.)
</ol>

<p>If you want to use a graphical framebuffer during the install, you can
add <b><tt>-X -Y2</tt></b> to the command line, and choose <tt>rcons</tt>
instead of <tt>vt100</tt> when prompted with which terminal type to use.
(By just using <tt><b>-X</b></tt>, you will get a full-size framebuffer
window.)

<p>When the installation is finished, the following command should start
NetBSD from the harddisk image:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -d nbsd_pmax.img</b>
</pre>

<p><font color="#ff0000">NOTE:</font> For some reason, NetBSD 2.0.2
doesn't work with X out-of-the-box on pmax. It seems that this has to do
with NetBSD switching console system to "WSCONS" somewhere between 1.6.2
and 2.0. For now, if you want X, then try NetBSD 1.6.2.

<p>With NetBSD/pmax 1.6.2, try the following to start with a framebuffer:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -X -e 3max -d nbsd_pmax.img</b>
</pre>
and log in as <tt>root</tt> and type <tt>startx</tt> to start X windows.


<p><br>
<a name="netbsdarcinstall"></a>
<h3>NetBSD/arc:</h3>

It is possible to install and run <a
href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/arc/">NetBSD/arc</a>
on an emulated Acer PICA-61 in the emulator.

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20041024-netbsd-arc-installed.gif"><img src="20041024-netbsd-arc-installed_small.gif"></a>

<p>
To install NetBSD/arc from a CDROM image onto an emulated harddisk image,
follow these instructions:

<p>
<ol start="1">
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
        that NetBSD installs itself onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_arc.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=900000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download a NetBSD/arc 1.6.2 CDROM image, and a generic NetBSD/arc
        kernel:<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/1.6.2/arccd.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/1.6.2/arccd.iso</a>

        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-1.6.2/arc/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-1.6.2/arc/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz</a>
</pre>
  <li>Start the emulator using this command line:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e pica -x -d nbsd_arc.img -d bc:arccd.iso \
          -j arc/binary/kernel/netbsd.RAMDISK.gz</b>

</pre>
        (Try removing <tt>-x</tt> if you have problems with the xterm.)
    <p>
  <li>From now on, you have to use your imagination, as there is no
        automatic installation program for NetBSD/arc. Here are some tips
        and hints on how you can proceed with the install:
<p><table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>mount /dev/cd0a /mnt2
disklabel -i -I sd0</b>    (for example 'a', '4.2BSD', '1c',
    '700M', 'b', 'swap', '701M', '$', 'P', 'W', 'y', and 'Q')
<b>newfs /dev/sd0a
mount /dev/sd0a /mnt
cd /mnt
for a in /mnt2/arc/binary/sets/*.tgz; do echo $a; tar xzpf $a; done
cd dev; sh MAKEDEV all
cd ../etc; echo "rc_configured=YES" &gt;&gt; rc.conf
cat > /mnt/etc/fstab
/dev/sd0a / ffs rw 1 1
/dev/sd0b none swap sw 0 0
</b>(press ctrl-d)<b>
<b>cd /; umount /mnt; umount /mnt2
halt</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
</ol>

<p>You can now use the generic NetBSD/arc kernel to boot from the harddisk 
image, using the following command:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e pica -x -d nbsd_arc.img netbsd-GENERIC.gz</b>

</pre>

<p>When asked for "<tt>root device: </tt>", enter <b><tt>sd0</tt></b>.


<p><br>
<a name="netbsdhpcmipsinstall"></a>
<h3>NetBSD/hpcmips:</h3>

It is possible to install <a
href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/hpcmips/">NetBSD/hpcmips</a> onto a disk
image, on an an emulated MobilePro 770, 780, 800, or 880. The emulator
treats the different machine models as being almost identical; the most
important difference is regarding the framebuffer.

<p><table border="0">
        <tr>
                <td width="80">&nbsp;</td>
                <td><u>Model:</u></td>
                <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
                <td><u>Framebuffer size/depth:</u></td>
                <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
                <td><u>Framebuffer address:</u></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
                <td></td>
                <td>MobilePro 770 (<super>*2</super>)</td>
                <td></td>
                <td>640 x 240, 16 bits</td>
                <td></td>
                <td>0xa000000</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
                <td></td>
                <td>MobilePro 780</td>
                <td></td>
                <td>640 x 240, 16 bits</td>
                <td></td>
                <td>0xa180100 (<super>*</super>)</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
                <td></td>
                <td>MobilePro 800</td>
                <td></td>
                <td>800 x 600, 16 bits</td>
                <td></td>
                <td>0xa000000</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
                <td></td>
                <td>MobilePro 880</td>
                <td></td>
                <td>800 x 600, 16 bits</td>
                <td></td>
                <td>0xa0ea600 (<super>*</super>)</td>
        </tr>
</table>

<p>
(<super>*</super>) = not aligned at a 4 KB boundary, so it will not work
efficiently with the current bintrans system. Using this mode will still
work, but each load and store will be emulated much more slowly than is
possible with an aligned framebuffer.

<p>
(<super>*2</super>) = The MobilePro 770's cursor keys work differently 
than the other models, for some reason. (This is a known bug.)

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20050427-netbsd-hpcmips-1.png"><img src="20050427-netbsd-hpcmips-1_small.png"></a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20050427-netbsd-hpcmips-2.png"><img src="20050427-netbsd-hpcmips-2_small.png"></a>

<p>
These instructions show an example of how to install
NetBSD/hpcmips on an emulated MobilePro 770:

<p>
<ol start="1">
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
        that you will install NetBSD/hpcmips onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_hpcmips.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=1990000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download the NetBSD/hpcmips 2.0.2 ISO image, and a generic kernel:<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.0.2/">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.0.2</a>/<a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.0.2/hpcmipscd.iso">hpcmipscd.iso</a>

        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0.2/hpcmips/binary/kernel/">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0.2/hpcmips/binary/kernel</a>/<a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0.2/hpcmips/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz">netbsd-GENERIC.gz</a>

</pre>
  <p>
  <li>Start the installation like this:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e mobilepro770 -X -A -d nbsd_hpcmips.img  \
          -d b:hpcmipscd.iso -j hpcmips/installation/netbsd.gz</b>

</pre>
        and proceed like you would do if you were installing NetBSD on a real
        MobilePro 770. (Install onto wd0, choose "Use entire disk" when
        doing the MBR partitioning, and choose wd1d (not cd0c) as the
        CDROM device to install from.)
</ol>

<p>
If everything worked, NetBSD should now be installed on the disk image.
Use the following command line to boot the emulated hpcmips machine:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e mobilepro770 -X -d nbsd_hpcmips.img netbsd-GENERIC.gz</b>

</pre>

<p>If you change your mind at this point regarding which machine type to
emulate, you might for example prefer a MobilePro 800, then you can change
that at any time. NetBSD/hpcmips is designed to be able to boot on many
types, without any need to change the kernel.

<p>When you have logged in as <tt>root</tt>, you can use <tt>startx</tt> to
start X Windows, but there is no mouse support yet so only keyboard input 
is available. This makes it a bit akward to use X.


<p><br>
<a name="netbsdcobaltinstall"></a>
<h3>NetBSD/cobalt:</h3>

<a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/cobalt/">NetBSD/cobalt</a> is tricky
to install, because the Cobalt machines were designed for Linux, and not
very flexible. There is no INSTALL kernel for NetBSD/cobalt. One way to
install the NetBSD/cobalt distribution onto a disk image is to do it from
another (emulated) machine.

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20050413-netbsd-cobalt.png"><img src="20050413-netbsd-cobalt_small.png"></a>

<p>
The following instructions will let you install NetBSD/cobalt onto a disk 
image, from an emulated DECstation 3MAX machine:

<p>
<ol>
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the disk image
        that you will install NetBSD/cobalt onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_cobalt.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=1999000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download the generic kernel for Cobalt and the 2.0.2 ISO image:<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0.2/cobalt/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0.2/cobalt/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz</a>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.0.2/cobaltcd.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.0.2/cobaltcd.iso</a>

</pre>
  <p>
  <li>Install NetBSD/pmax 2.0.2 according to instructions
        <a href="#netbsdinstall">further up on this page</a>.
  <p>
  <li>Start NetBSD/pmax like this:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e3max -A -d nbsd_pmax.img -d cobaltcd.iso -d nbsd_cobalt.img</b>

</pre>
  <li>Log in as root (on the emulated 3MAX machine), and execute the
        following commands: (adjust according to taste)
<p><table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>newfs /dev/sd1c
mount /dev/cd0c /mnt
mkdir /mnt2; mount /dev/sd1c /mnt2
cd /mnt2; sh
for a in /mnt/cobalt/binary/sets/*.tgz; do echo $a; tar zxfp $a; done
exit
cd dev; sh ./MAKEDEV all; cd ../etc
echo rc_configured=YES &gt;&gt; rc.conf
echo "/dev/wd0d / ffs rw 1 1" > fstab
cd /; umount /mnt; umount /mnt2; halt</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
</ol>

<p>
You should now be able to boot NetBSD/cobalt like this:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -M128 -E cobalt -d nbsd_cobalt.img netbsd-GENERIC.gz</b>
</pre>

Note that the installation instructions above create a filesystem
<i>without</i> a disklabel, so there is only one ffs partition and no
swap. You will need to enter the following things when booting with the
generic kernel:<pre>
        root device (default wd0a): <b>wd0d</b>
        dump device (default wd0b): <b>none</b>
        file system (default generic): <b>ffs</b>
        init path (default /sbin/init):     <i>(just press enter here)</i>
</pre>


<p><br>
<a name="netbsdevbmipsinstall"></a>
<h3>NetBSD/evbmips:</h3>

<a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/evbmips/">NetBSD/evbmips</a> can run
in GXemul on an emulated Malta evaluation board (with a 5Kc or 4Kc CPU).

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20050622-netbsd-evbmips-malta.png"><img src="20050622-netbsd-evbmips-malta_small.png"></a>

<p>It is tricky to install, because there is (as far as I know) no INSTALL
kernel. One way to install the NetBSD/evbmips distribution onto a disk
image is to install the files using another (emulated) machine.

<p>
The following instructions will let you install NetBSD/evbmips onto a disk 
image, from an emulated DECstation 3MAX machine:

<p>
<ol>
  <li>Install NetBSD/pmax 2.0.2 according to instructions
        <a href="#netbsdinstall">further up on this page</a>.
  <p>
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the disk image
        that you will install NetBSD onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_malta.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=999000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download the generic kernel and the 2.0.2 ISO image:<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0.2/evbmips-mipsel/binary/kernel/netbsd-MALTA.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0.2/evbmips-mipsel/binary/kernel/netbsd-MALTA.gz</a>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.0.2/evbmips-mipselcd.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.0.2/evbmips-mipselcd.iso</a>

</pre>
  <p>
  <li>Start NetBSD/pmax like this:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -A -d nbsd_pmax.img -d nbsd_malta.img -d evbmips-mipselcd.iso</b>

</pre>and execute the following commands as <tt>root</tt>:
<p><table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>newfs /dev/sd1c
mount /dev/cd0c /mnt
mkdir /mnt2; mount /dev/sd1c /mnt2
cd /mnt2; sh
for a in /mnt/evbmips-mipsel/binary/sets/*.tgz; do echo $a; tar zxfp $a; done
exit
cd dev; sh ./MAKEDEV all; cd ../etc
echo rc_configured=YES >> rc.conf
echo "/dev/wd0c / ffs rw 1 1" > fstab
cd /; umount /mnt; umount /mnt2; halt</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
</ol>

<p>You should now be able to boot NetBSD/evbmips using this command:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e malta -d nbsd_malta.img netbsd-MALTA.gz</b>
</pre>

<p>Note 1: NetBSD detects a very fast CPU although the emulation isn't
really that fast, so emulated delays are very slow. Even on a multi-GHz
host, you will need a lot of patience.

<p>Note 2: To select a 4Kc (MIPS32) CPU instead of the default 5Kc 
(MIPS64) CPU, add <tt><b>-C 4Kc</b></tt> to the command line. With NetBSD 
2.0.2, however, there will be little or no difference in functionality, as
NetBSD still runs in 32-bit mode on 64-bit MIPS CPUs. The only difference 
it makes in practice is that GXemul's binary translation subsystem might 
run a bit faster (because there are some optimizations for 32-bit 
emulation that don't work with 64-bit emulation).

<p>Note 3: The installation instructions above create a filesystem
<i>without</i> a disklabel, so there is only one ffs partition and no
swap. You will need to enter the following things when booting with the
generic kernel:<pre>
        root device (default wd0a): <b>wd0c</b>
        dump device (default wd0b): <b>none</b>
        file system (default generic): <b>ffs</b>
        init path (default /sbin/init):     <i>(just press enter here)</i>
</pre>


<p><br>
<a name="netbsdsgimips"></a>
<h3>NetBSD/sgimips:</h3>

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20050626-netbsd-sgimips-netboot.png"><img src="20050626-netbsd-sgimips-netboot_small.png"></a>

<p><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/sgimips/">NetBSD/sgimips</a> can run
in GXemul on an emulated O2 (SGI-IP32). However, GXemul does not yet
emulate the AHC PCI SCSI controller in the O2. (I have mailed Adaptec
several times, asking for documentation, but never received any reply.)
NetBSD can still run in the emulator, as long as it doesn't use SCSI.

<p>For a simple test with the 2.0.2 ramdisk (install) kernel, try 
dowloading<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0.2/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL32_IP3x.gz">ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0.2/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL32_IP3x.gz</a>

</pre>and run&nbsp;&nbsp;<b><tt>gxemul -e o2 netbsd-INSTALL32_IP3x.gz</tt></b>.

<p>It is possible to set up an environment for netbooting the emulated SGI
machine off of another emulated machine. Performing this setup is quite
time consuming, but necessary:

<p>
<ol>
  <li>First of all, the "<tt>nfs server</tt>" machine must be set up.
        This needs to have a 750 MB <tt>/tftpboot</tt> partition.
        <a href="#netbsdinstall">Install NetBSD/pmax 2.0.2 from CDROM</a>.
        (Don't forget to add the extra partition!)
  <p>
  <li>Configure the nfs server machine to act as an nfs server.
        Start up the emulated DECstation:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -A -d nbsd_pmax.img</b>
</pre>and enter the following commands as <tt>root</tt>
        inside the emulator:
<table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>echo hostname=server &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
echo ifconfig_le0=\"inet 10.0.0.2\" &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
echo nameserver 10.0.0.254 &gt;&gt; /etc/resolv.conf
echo 10.0.0.254 &gt; /etc/mygate
echo /tftpboot -maproot=root 10.0.0.1 &gt; /etc/exports
echo rpcbind=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
echo nfs_server=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
echo mountd=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
echo bootparamd=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
printf "client root=10.0.0.2:/tftpboot \\\n swap=10.0.0.2:/tftpboot/swap\n" &gt; /etc/bootparams
echo "bootps dgram udp wait root /usr/sbin/bootpd bootpd -d 4 -h 10.0.0.2" &gt;&gt; /etc/inetd.conf
cat &gt;&gt; /etc/bootptab
client:\
        :ht=ether:\
        :ha=102030000010:\
        :sm=255.0.0.0:\
        :lg=10.0.0.254:\
        :ip=10.0.0.1:\
        :rp=/tftpboot:
</b>(press CTRL-D)
<b>echo "10:20:30:00:00:10 client" &gt; /etc/ethers
echo 10.0.0.1 client &gt; /etc/hosts
reboot</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
  <li>Start the DECstation emulation again, and download the
        NetBSD/sgimips distribution sets:<br>(NOTE: This
        takes quite some time, even if you have a fast network connection.)
<table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>cd /tftpboot; ftp -i ftp.uk.netbsd.org</b>
(log in as anonymous...)
<b>cd /pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0.2/sgimips/binary/sets
mget base.tgz comp.tgz etc.tgz games.tgz man.tgz misc.tgz text.tgz
quit
sh
for a in *.tgz; do echo $a; tar zxfp $a; rm -f $a; done
echo 10.0.0.2:/tftpboot / nfs rw 0 0 &gt; /tftpboot/etc/fstab
echo rc_configured=YES &gt;&gt; /tftpboot/etc/rc.conf
dd if=/dev/zero of=swap bs=1024 count=32768
halt</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
  <li>Download the NetBSD/sgimips GENERIC and INSTALL kernels:<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0.2/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC32_IP3x.gz">ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0.2/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC32_IP3x.gz</a>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0.2/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL32_IP3x.gz">ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0.2/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL32_IP3x.gz</a>

</pre>
  <li>Create a configuration file called <tt>config_client</tt>:
<table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<font color="#2020cf">!!gxemul
!
!  Configuration file for running NetBSD/sgimips diskless with
!  a NetBSD/pmax machine as the nfs server.</font>

<b>emul(
    net(
        add_remote("localhost:12444")   </b>! the server<b>
        local_port(12445)               </b>! the client<b>
    )

    machine(
        name("client machine")
        serial_nr(1)

        type("sgi")
        subtype("o2")

        load("netbsd-INSTALL32_IP3x.gz")</b>
        ! load("netbsd-GENERIC32_IP3x.gz")<b>
    )
)</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
        ... and another configuration file for the server,
        <tt>config_server</tt>:
<table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<font color="#2020cf">!!gxemul</font>
<b>emul(
    net(
        local_port(12444)               </b>! the server<b>
        add_remote("localhost:12445")   </b>! the client<b>
    )

    machine(
        name("nfs server")
        serial_nr(2)

        type("dec")
        subtype("5000/200")

        disk("nbsd_pmax.img")
    )
)</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
  <li>Boot the "<tt>nfs server</tt>" and the NetBSD/sgimips
        "<tt>client machine</tt>" as two separate emulator instances:<pre>
        in one xterm:
        <b>gxemul @config_server</b>

        and then, in another xterm:
        <b>gxemul @config_client</b>

</pre>
  <li>In the NetBSD/sgimips window, choose "<tt>x: Exit Install System</tt>"
        in the installer's main menu, and then type:<pre>
        <b>ifconfig mec0 10.0.0.1; route add default 10.0.0.254</b>
        <b>mount -v 10.0.0.2:/tftpboot /mnt</b>
        <b>cd /mnt/dev; ./MAKEDEV all; cd /; umount /mnt</b>
        <b>halt</b>
</pre>Then, once the client machine has halted, log in as <tt>root</tt>
        on the server machine and type <tt><b>reboot</b></tt>.
  <p>
  <li>Once everything has been set up correctly, change
        <tt>netbsd-INSTALL32_IP3x.gz</tt> in <tt>config_client</tt> to
        <tt>netbsd-GENERIC32_IP3x.gz</tt> (the GENERIC kernel).
</ol>

<p>You might want to log in as <tt>root</tt> on the server machine, and
run <tt>tcpdump -lnvv</tt> or similar, to see that what the client machine
actually does on the network.

<p>It should now be possible to boot NetBSD/sgimips using the NetBSD/pmax
nfs server, using the following commands: (NOTE! Execute these two 
commands in separate xterms!)<pre>
        <b>gxemul @config_server</b>
        <b>gxemul @config_client</b>
</pre>

<p>When asked for "<tt>root device:</tt>" etc. on the client machine, enter
the following values:<pre>
        root device: <b>mec0</b>
        dump device:                            <b>(leave blank)</b>
        file system (default generic):          <b>(leave blank)</b>
        ..
        init path (default /sbin/init):         <b>(leave blank)</b>
        Enter pathname of shell or RETURN for /bin/sh:  <b>(leave blank)</b>
        Terminal type? [unknown] <b>xterm</b>
        ..
        # <b>exit</b>                   (to leave the single-user shell)
</pre>

<p>Note: Netbooting like this is very slow, so you need a lot of patience.
For example, when NetBSD says "<tt>nfs_boot: trying DHCP/BOOTP</tt>",
there will be a long pause, even on a very fast host machine. The reason
for this is mostly because the emulator doesn't deal with timing issues
very well, but also because NetBSD tries IPv6 first, before falling back
to IPv4.


<p><br>
<a name="netbsdcatsinstall"></a>
<h3>NetBSD/cats:</h3>

It is possible to install and run
<a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/cats/">NetBSD/cats</a> in GXemul.

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20051007-netbsd-cats-installed.png"><img src="20051007-netbsd-cats-installed_small.png"></a>

<p>
To install NetBSD/cats onto a disk image, follow these instructions:

<p>
<ol start="1">
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
        that you will install NetBSD/hpcmips onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_cats.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=1990000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download the NetBSD/cats 2.0.2 ISO image and generic + install kernels:<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.0.2/catscd.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.0.2/catscd.iso</a>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0.2/cats/binary/kernel/netbsd.aout-GENERIC.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0.2/cats/binary/kernel/netbsd.aout-GENERIC.gz</a>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0.2/cats/binary/kernel/netbsd.aout-INSTALL.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0.2/cats/binary/kernel/netbsd.aout-INSTALL.gz</a>

</pre>
  <p>
  <li>Start the installation like this:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -X -E cats -d nbsd_cats.img -d catscd.iso netbsd.aout-INSTALL.gz</b>

</pre>
        and proceed like you would do if you were installing NetBSD on a real
        CATS from CDROM. (Install onto wd0, and choose wd1c (not cd0c) as the
        CDROM device to install from.)
</ol>

<p>
If everything worked, NetBSD should now be installed on the disk image.
Use the following command line to boot the emulated CATS machine:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -X -E cats -d nbsd_cats.img netbsd.aout-GENERIC.gz</b>

</pre>


<p><br>
<a name="openbsdinstall"></a>
<h3>OpenBSD/pmax:</h3>

Installing <a href="http://www.openbsd.org/pmax.html">OpenBSD/pmax</a> is
a bit harder than installing NetBSD/pmax. You should first read the <a
href="#netbsdinstall">section above</a> on how to install NetBSD/pmax,
before continuing here. If you have never installed OpenBSD on any
architecture, then you need a great deal of patience to do this. If, on
the other hand you are used to installing OpenBSD, then this should be no
problem for you.

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20040710-openbsd-pmax.png"><img src="20040710-openbsd-pmax_small.png"></a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="openbsd-pmax-20040710.png"><img src="openbsd-pmax-20040710_small.png"></a>

<p>
OpenBSD/pmax died at release 2.8 of OpenBSD, so you should be
aware of the fact that this will not give you an up-to-date OpenBSD
system.

<p>
Following these instructions <i>might</i> work. If not, then use
common sense and imagination to modify them as you see fit.

<p>
<ol>
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
        that OpenBSD installs itself onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=obsd_pmax.img bs=1 count=512 seek=900000000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download the entire pmax directory from the ftp server: (approx. 99 MB)<pre>
        <b>wget -r <a href="ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.8/pmax/">ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.8/pmax/</a></b>

</pre>

  <li>Execute the following commands:
<p><table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>mv ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.8/pmax/simpleroot28.fs.gz .
gunzip simpleroot28.fs.gz
chmod +w simpleroot28.fs</b>            &lt;--- make sure
</pre></td></tr></table>
  <li>You now need to make an ISO image of the entire directory you downloaded.
        (I recommend using <tt>mkisofs</tt> for that purpose. If you don't
        already have <tt>mkisofs</tt> installed on your system, you need
        to install it in order to do this.)<pre>
        <b>mkisofs -o openbsd_pmax_2.8.iso ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.8/pmax</b>

</pre>
  <li>Start the emulator with all three (!) disk images:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -A -M64 -d obsd_pmax.img -d b:simpleroot28.fs -j bsd -d c:openbsd_pmax_2.8.iso</b>

</pre>
        (If you add <tt>-X</tt>, you will run with the graphical
        framebuffer. This is <i>REALLY</i> slow because the console has to
        scroll a lot during the install. I don't recommend it.)
  <p>
  <li>Go on with the installation as you would do if you were installing on a real machine.
        If you are not used to the OpenBSD installer, then this will most likely
        be a very uncomfortable experience. Some important things to keep in mind are:
        <ul>
          <li>rz0 is the rootdisk you wish to install onto.
          <li>rz1 is the simpleroot image.
          <li>rz2 is the CDROM containing the "install sets".
          <li>When asked for the "<b>root device?</b>", enter <b>rz1</b>.
          <li>At "<b>Enter pathname of shell or RETURN for sh:</b>", press enter.
          <li>At the # prompt, do the following:<pre>
        <b>fsck /dev/rz1a</b>        (and mark the filesystem as clean)
        <b>mount /dev/rz1a /</b>
        <b>mount -t kernfs kern kern</b>
        <b>./install</b>

</pre>
                and proceed with the install. Good luck. :-)
          <li>Answer "<b>y</b>" when asked if you wish to configure the network.
                (See the section about installing NetBSD/pmax for suitable
                network settings.)
          <li>Install from "<b>c</b>" (cdrom), choose "<b>rz2</b>" as the cdrom device, and "<b>/</b>" as
                the directory containing the install sets.
        </ul>
  <p>
  <li>For some unknown reason, the install script does not set the root
        password! The first time you boot up OpenBSD after the install, you
        need to go into single user mode and run <b>passwd root</b> to set
        the root password, or you will not be able to log in at all!<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -A -d obsd_pmax.img -d 2c:openbsd_pmax_2.8.iso -j bsd -o '-s'</b>
</pre>
While you are at it, you might want to extract the X11 install sets
as well, as the installer seems to ignore them too. (Perhaps due to a bug
in the installer, perhaps because of the way I used mkisofs.)
<p>
Execute the following commands in the emulator:
<p><table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>fsck /dev/rz0a
mount /
passwd root

cd /; mount -t cd9660 /dev/rz2c /mnt; sh
for a in /mnt/[xX]*; do tar zxvf $a; done
ln -s /usr/X11R6/bin/Xcfbpmax /usr/X11R6/bin/X
ln -s /dev/fb0 /dev/mouse
echo /usr/X11R6/lib &gt;&gt; /etc/ld.so.conf
ldconfig

sync
halt</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
</ol>

<p>
NOTE: It is also possible to install via ftp instead of using a CDROM image. 
This is not much less awkward, you still need the simpleroot filesystem 
image, and you still have to manually add the X11 install sets and set the 
root password, and so on.

<p>
Once you have completed the installation procedure, the following command
will let you boot from the new rootdisk image:
<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -X -M64 -o '-aN' -d obsd_pmax.img -j bsd</b>
</pre>

<p>
(Normally, you would be asked about which root device to use (<tt>rz0</tt>),
but using <b><tt>-o '-aN'</tt></b> supresses that.)

<p>
When asked for which terminal type to use, when logging in as root,
enter <b><tt>rcons</tt></b> if you are using the graphical framebuffer,
<b><tt>vt100</tt></b> for text-mode.
<br>Use <b><tt>startx</tt></b> to start X windows.


<p><br>
<a name="openbsdarcinstall"></a>
<h3>OpenBSD/arc:</h3>

It is possible to install and run OpenBSD/arc on an emulated Acer PICA-61 
in the emulator.

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20041024-openbsd-arc-installed.gif"><img src="20041024-openbsd-arc-installed_small.gif"></a>

<p>
(You should be aware of the fact that OpenBSD for the ARC platform died at 
release 2.3, so this will not give you an up-to-date OpenBSD system.
See
<a href="http://www.openbsd.org/arc.html">http://www.openbsd.org/arc.html</a>
for more information.)

<p>
To install OpenBSD/arc onto an emulated harddisk image, follow these
instructions:

<p>
<ol>
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
        that OpenBSD installs itself onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=obsd_arc.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=700000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download the entire arc directory from the ftp server: (approx. 75 MB)<pre>
        <b>wget -np -l 0 -r <a href="ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.3/arc/">ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.3/arc/</a></b>

</pre>

  <li>You now need to make an ISO image of the entire directory you downloaded.
        (I recommend using <tt>mkisofs</tt> for that purpose. If you don't
        already have <tt>mkisofs</tt> installed on your system, you need
        to install it in order to do this.)<pre>
        <b>mkisofs -o openbsd_arc_2.3.iso ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/</b>

</pre>
  <li>Start the emulator using this command line:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e pica -X -A -d obsd_arc.img -d b:openbsd_arc_2.3.iso -j 2.3/arc/bsd.rd</b>

</pre>
        and proceed like you would do if you were installing OpenBSD
        on a real Acer PICA-61. (Answer 'no' when asked if you want to
        configure networking, and then install from CD-ROM.)
</ol>

<p>
Once the install has finished, the following command should let you 
boot from the harddisk image:
<p>
<pre>
        <b>gxemul -X -e pica -d obsd_arc.img ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.3/arc/bsd</b>

</pre>


<p><br>
<a name="openbsdcatsinstall"></a>
<h3>OpenBSD/cats:</h3>

It is possible to install and run
<a href="http://www.openbsd.org/cats.html">OpenBSD/cats</a>
in GXemul.

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20051007-openbsd-cats-installed.png"><img src="20051007-openbsd-cats-installed_small.png"></a>

<p>To install OpenBSD/cats onto an emulated harddisk image,
follow these instructions:

<p>
<ol>
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
        that OpenBSD installs itself onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=obsd_cats.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=1900000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download the entire cats directory from the ftp server:<pre>
        <b>wget -np -l 0 -r <a href="ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.7/cats/">ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.7/cats/</a></b>

</pre>

  <li>You now need to make an ISO image of the entire directory you downloaded.
        (I recommend using <tt>mkisofs</tt> for that purpose. If you don't
        already have <tt>mkisofs</tt> installed on your system, you need
        to install it in order to do this.)<pre>
        <b>mkisofs -allow-lowercase -o openbsd_cats_3.7.iso ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.7/cats</b>

</pre>
  <li>Start the emulator using this command line:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -X -E cats -d obsd_cats.img -d openbsd_cats_3.7.iso  \
            ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.7/cats/bsd.rd</b>

</pre>
        and proceed like you would do if you were installing OpenBSD
        on a real CATS. (Install onto wd0, don't configure the network,
        choose to install distribution sets from <i>disk</i> wd1 (i.e.
        not CDROM) partition a, path '/'.)
</ol>

<p><b>NOTE (<font color="#f00000">2005-10-07</font>):</b> The ARM
emulation mode is very new, I haven't had time to find and fix all bugs
yet. During install, it seems that the MAKEDEV script dumps core. Before
you can boot OpenBSD/cats for the first time, you need to manually run the
MAKEDEV script: <pre>
        <b>gxemul -X -E cats -d obsd_cats.img ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.7/arc/bsd</b>
        (press s, for Shell)
        mount /dev/wd0a /mnt; cd mnt/dev
        sh MAKEDEV all
        sh MAKEDEV wd
        cd /; umount mnt; halt
</pre>
Hopefully this isn't a serious bug.

<p>
Once the install has finished, the following command should let you 
boot from the harddisk image:
<p>
<pre>
        <b>gxemul -X -E cats -d obsd_cats.img ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.7/arc/bsd</b>

</pre>

<p>When asked about which drive to boot from, enter <tt>wd0</tt>.


<p><br>
<a name="ultrixinstall"></a>
<h3>Ultrix/RISC:</h3>

Ultrix 4.x can run in GXemul on an emulated DECstation 5000/200.
(Ultrix was the native OS for these machines, but NetBSD/pmax is
also usable.)

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20040504-ultrix45-boot1.png"><img src="20040504-ultrix45-boot1_small.gif"></a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="ultrix4.5-20040706.png"><img src="ultrix4.5-20040706_small.gif"></a>

<p>
The following instructions should let you install Ultrix onto a disk image:

<ol>
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
        that Ultrix installs itself onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=rootdisk.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=800000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Place your Ultrix installation media in your CDROM drive.
        (On FreeBSD and similar systems, it is called <tt>/dev/cd0c</tt>.
        Replace that with the name of your CDROM drive, or the name of a
        .iso image file.) Then, start the emulator like this:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -X -A -M64 -e 3max -d rootdisk.img -d bc:/dev/cd0c -j vmunix</b>

</pre>
  <li>Once the first stage of the installation is done (restoring the root
        filesystem), you need to restart the emulator, booting from the 
        new rootdisk, to continue the installation process.
        This is done by removing the bootflag ('<tt>b</tt>') from the second
        diskimage argument:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -X -A -M64 -e 3max -d rootdisk.img -d c:/dev/cd0c -j vmunix</b>

</pre>
</ol>

<p>
When the installation is completed, the following command should start  
Ultrix from the harddisk image:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -X -A -M64 -e 3max -j vmunix -d rootdisk.img</b>
</pre>

<p>Ultrix mostly seems to work with dynamic binary translation (which can
be disabled by the <b><tt>-B</tt></b> command line option). If you have a
very fast host machine, and use bintrans, you might experience a weird
timer related bug, which makes it impossible to logon to the system. It is
triggered when the emulation goes faster than any real DECstation machine
was capable of running. A temporary workaround is to add
<b><tt>-I33000000</tt></b> to fix the emulated clock speed to 33 million
instructions per emulated second. (When using <tt><b>-CR4400</b></tt>,
<b><tt>-I16000000</tt></b> should be used instead.)

<p>
You can experiment with adding <b><tt>-Z2</tt></b> (for emulating a 
dual-headed workstation) or even <b><tt>-Z3</tt></b> (tripple-headed), and 
also the <b><tt>-Y2</tt></b> option for scaling down the framebuffer 
windows by a factor 2x2.
There is also a <b><tt>-z</tt></b> option for supplying names of X11 
displays to use. The following example starts Ultrix on an emulated
tripple-headed workstation, on three different displays (<tt>remote1:0.0</tt>,
<tt>localhost:0.0</tt>, and <tt>remote2:0.0</tt>), using no scaledown:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -M64 -N -e 3max -jgenvmunix -d rootdisk.img \
            -XZ3 -z remote1:0.0 -z localhost:0.0 -z remote2:0.0</b>
</pre>

<p>
The photo below shows a single Ultrix session running tripple-headed in
GXemul on an Alpha 21164PC, with displays on a Sun Ultra1 (to the left),
on the Alpha itself (in the middle), and on an HP700/RX X-terminal (8-bit
color depth, running off the Alpha) to the right.

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20041209-ultrix-tripplehead.jpg"><img src="20041209-ultrix-tripplehead_small.jpg"></a>

<p>
The X11 displays may differ in bit depth and endianness. Unfortunately, 
there is no way yet to set the scaledown factor on a per-window basis, so 
the scaledown factor affects all windows.

<p>
(If you didn't use <tt><b>-Z<i>n</i></b></tt> during the installation, and 
compiled your own <tt>/vmunix</tt>, then it will not contain support for 
multiple graphics cards. To overcome this problem, use the generic kernel,
<tt><b>-j genvmunix</b></tt>, whenever you are running the emulator with a 
different setup than the one you used when Ultrix was installed.)

<p>
A note for the historically interested: OSF/1 for MIPS was quite similar
to Ultrix, so that is possible to run as well.  If you are unsuccessful
in installing Ultrix or OSF/1 directly in the emulator, you can always
install it on your real machine onto a real SCSI disk, and then copy the
contents of that SCSI disk into a file (using <b><tt>dd(1)</tt></b>), and use
that file as a disk image file in the emulator.


<p><br>
<a name="sprite"></a>
<h3>Sprite for DECstation:</h3>

Sprite was a research operating system at the University of Berkeley.
The Unix Heritage Society (TUHS, <a href="http://www.tuhs.org">www.tuhs.org</a>)
has made available a copy of a Sprite harddisk image for a DECstation 5000/200.
If you want to find out more about Sprite in general, read
<a href="http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/sprite/retrospective.html">
http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/sprite/retrospective.html</a>.

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20040711-sprite-1.png"><img src="20040711-sprite-1_small.png"></a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="sprite-20040711.png"><img src="sprite-20040711_small.png"></a>

<p>
The following instructions should let you run Sprite in the emulator:

<p>
<ol>
  <li>Download the Sprite harddisk image:<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.es.embnet.org/pub/misc/TUHS/other_os/Sprite/ds5000.bt">ftp://ftp.es.embnet.org/pub/misc/TUHS/other_os/Sprite/ds5000.bt</a>
        83973120 bytes, MD5 = ec84eeeb20fe77b758370d5e312e4a5e

</pre>
  <li>Start the emulator with the following command line:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -X -e 3max -M128 -d ds5000.bt -j vmsprite -o ''</b>

</pre>
</ol>

<p>
The first time you boot up with the disk image, you will be asked a number 
of questions regarding network settings. If you feel like entering correct 
values, then you should use the following:
<p>

<pre>
    Your machine's Ethernet address:    10:20:30:00:00:10
    Your machine's IP:                  10.0.0.1
    Subnet mask:                        0xff000000
    Gateway's Ethernet address:         60:50:40:30:20:10
    Gateway's IP:                       10.0.0.254
</pre>

<p>
Unfortunately, at the end of <a href="ftp://ftp.es.embnet.org/pub/misc/TUHS/other_os/Sprite/boot.txt">ftp://ftp.es.embnet.org/pub/misc/TUHS/other_os/Sprite/boot.txt</a>,
the following sad statement can be found:
<pre>
    The bootable Sprite image is meant to be a demonstration of Sprite, not
    a robust Sprite system.  There are several missing things, such as 
    floating point and network support.
</pre>

<p>Once you are logged in as root, running <b><tt>xinit</tt></b> will
start the X11 environment.


<p><br>
<a name="declinux"></a>
<h3>Debian GNU/Linux for DECstation:</h3>

<font color="#ef0000">NOTE: This is experimental, and <i>extremely</i>
unstable. During my tests, even pressing the wrong key during the install
(for example the wrong cursor key) can cause a kernel Oops. My success
rate is probably around 50%.</font>

<p><font color="#ef0000">I <i>think</i> this has to do with interrupts
from the serial controller. Hopefully using the <tt><b>-U</b></tt> command
line option will reduce the risk for such crashes. (I haven't had time to
come up with a clean solution to this yet; it feels like a buffer overflow
in Linux' serial driver for the 5000/200, but it is also likely that it is
a bug in GXemul.)</font>

<p><font color="#ef0000">Everything runs extremely slow. Even if you have
a very fast host machine, an install attempt can still take several hours!
</font>

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20041212-debian_1.png"><img src="20041212-debian_1_small.gif"></a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20041212-debian_2.png"><img src="20041212-debian_2_small.gif"></a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20041213-debian_3.png"><img src="20041213-debian_3_small.gif"></a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20041213-debian_4.png"><img src="20041213-debian_4_small.gif"></a>

<p>
The following steps should let you install Debian GNU/Linux for DECstation
onto a harddisk image:

<p>
<ol>
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
        that Debian installs itself onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=debian.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=3000000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download an install kernel:<pre>
        <a href="http://ftp.egr.msu.edu/debian/dists/stable/main/installer-mipsel/current/images/r3k-kn02/boot.img">http://ftp.egr.msu.edu/debian/dists/stable/main/</a>
            <a href="http://ftp.egr.msu.edu/debian/dists/stable/main/installer-mipsel/current/images/r3k-kn02/boot.img">installer-mipsel/current/images/r3k-kn02/boot.img</a>

</pre>
  <p>
  <li>For a text-mode installation, start the emulator like this:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -U -M64 -o 'console=ttyS3' -d debian.img -O boot.img</b>

</pre>
        (If you want to, you can try <b><tt>-X</tt></b> instead of
        <b><tt>-o 'console=ttyS3'</tt></b> on the command line. This will
        cause Linux to use the graphical framebuffer. Unfortunately, Linux
        does not seem to have a driver for the DZ11 keyboard controller yet,
        so you cannot interact with the system. You will see the penguin in
        the upper lefthand corner while booting, and nicely rendered Unicode
        characters, but that's about it.)
        <p>
        You need to enter some values during the installation procedure, for
        example network settings. The following should work:<pre>
        DHCP:                       No, choose "<b>Configure network manually</b>"
        IP address:                 <b>10.0.0.1</b>
        Netmask:                    <b>255.0.0.0</b>
        Gateway:                    <b>10.0.0.254</b>
        Name server addresses:      <b>10.0.0.254</b>
</pre>
  <li>Once the first phase of the install has finished, the following command
        should let you boot into Debian, and perform post-install
        configuration:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -U -M64 -o 'console=ttyS3' -d debian.img</b>

</pre>Note: All these steps take a lot of time, so you will have plenty
        of time to drink lots of cups of coffee.
  <p>
  <li>It seems that there's a problem with getting a login prompt on serial 
        console (at least when I've done test installs), so when the
        installation is finished and you're supposed to get a login prompt,
        you need to press CTRL-C and type <b><tt>quit</tt></b>, and then:
        download a normal kernel (<i>not</i> a RAMDISK kernel):<pre>
        <a href="http://ftp.egr.msu.edu/debian/dists/stable/main/installer-mipsel/current/images/cdrom/vmlinux-2.4.27-r3k-kn02">http://ftp.egr.msu.edu/debian/dists/stable/main/installer-mipsel/</a>
            <a href="http://ftp.egr.msu.edu/debian/dists/stable/main/installer-mipsel/current/images/cdrom/vmlinux-2.4.27-r3k-kn02">current/images/cdrom/vmlinux-2.4.27-r3k-kn02</a>

</pre>and boot Debian using the following command line:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -U -M64 -o \
            'console=ttyS3 root=/dev/sda1 rw init=/bin/sh' \
            -d debian.img vmlinux-2.4.27-r3k-kn02</b>

</pre>
        You'll enter single-user mode. You need to add a line to
        /etc/inittab, to enable logins via serial console.<pre>
        sh-2.05b# <b>echo 'T3:23:respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS3 9600 vt100' >> /etc/inittab</b>
        sh-2.05b# <b>echo 'ttyS3' >> /etc/securetty</b>
        sh-2.05b# <b>sync; umount /</b>
        sh-2.05b# <b>halt</b>
</pre>
</ol>

<p>
The system should now be ready for everyday use.

<p>
Use this command to boot from the completely installed disk image:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -U -M64 -o 'console=ttyS3' -d debian.img</b>

</pre>

<p>
[&nbsp;<font color="#ff0000">UPDATE 2005-01-19:</font>&nbsp;
Kaj-Michael Lang noticed that the current CVS-version of
<a href="http://www.linux-mips.org/">linux-mips</a> has
support for keyboards now, on DECstation 5000/200, so it is
possible to run Debian GNU/Linux with framebuffer/keyboard.
(Add <b><tt>-X</tt></b> (or <b><tt>-XY2</tt></b>) and remove the
<b><tt>console=ttyS3</tt></b> option.) He has made a kernel available here:
<a href="http://home.tal.org/~milang/o2/kernels/">http://home.tal.org/~milang/o2/kernels</a>/<a href="http://home.tal.org/~milang/o2/kernels/vmlinux-2.4.29-rc2-r3k-mipsel-decstation">vmlinux-2.4.29-rc2-r3k-mipsel-decstation</a>
It has other problems (ethernet doesn't seem to work, for
example), but at least it doesn't Oops that often.&nbsp;]


<p><br>
<a name="declinuxredhat"></a>
<h3>Redhat Linux for DECstation:</h3>

<font color="#ff0000">NOTE: This is experimental, and <i>extremely</i>
unstable. Read the note about <b><tt>-U</tt></b> in the section on how to 
install Debian.
</font>

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20041129-redhat_mips.png"><img src="20041129-redhat_mips_small.png"></a>

<p>
The following steps should let you run Redhat Linux for DECstation in GXemul:

<p>
<ol>
  <li>Download a kernel. This is a Debian kernel, but it works fine:<pre>
        <a href="http://ftp.egr.msu.edu/debian/dists/stable/main/installer-mipsel/current/images/cdrom/vmlinux-2.4.27-r3k-kn02">http://ftp.egr.msu.edu/debian/dists/stable/main/</a>
            <a href="http://ftp.egr.msu.edu/debian/dists/stable/main/installer-mipsel/current/images/cdrom/vmlinux-2.4.27-r3k-kn02">installer-mipsel/current/images/cdrom/vmlinux-2.4.27-r3k-kn02</a>

</pre>
  <li>Download a root filesystem tree:<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.uni-wuppertal.de/pub/linux/mips/mipsel-linux/root/mipsel-root-20011216.tgz">ftp://ftp.uni-wuppertal.de/pub/linux/mips/</a>
         <a href="ftp://ftp.uni-wuppertal.de/pub/linux/mips/mipsel-linux/root/mipsel-root-20011216.tgz">mipsel-linux/root/mipsel-root-20011216.tgz</a>
        19486676 bytes, md5 = 5bcb725c90209479cd7ead8ad0c4a414

</pre>
  <li>This is the tricky part: Create an ext2 filesystem image called redhat.img using
        the filesystem tree you just downloaded. The disk image should have a MS-DOS
        partition table (!), and then one or more ext2 partitions.
        (Use loopback mount, or similar. This is probably easiest to do on a Linux host.)
        However, in order to actually boot the system you need to modify /etc/fstab.
        Change<pre>
        /dev/root               /               nfs     defaults        1 1
        #/dev/sdc1              /               ext2    defaults        1 1
        none                    /proc           proc    defaults        0 0
        none                    /dev/pts        devpts  mode=0622       0 0

</pre>to<pre>
        #/dev/root              /               nfs     defaults        1 1
        /dev/sda1               /               ext2    defaults        1 1
        none                    /proc           proc    defaults        0 0
        none                    /dev/pts        devpts  mode=0622       0 0

</pre>(Note sda1 instead of sdc1.)
  <p>
  <li>To boot Linux, start the emulator like this:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -U -M128 -o \
            "console=ttyS3 root=/dev/sda1 ro" -d redhat.img vmlinux-2.4.27-r3k-kn02</b>

</pre>
</ol>

<p>
If you need to boot into single user mode, try the following:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -U -o "console=ttyS3 root=/dev/sda1 rw init=/bin/sh" \
            -d redhat.img vmlinux-2.4.27-r3k-kn02</b>

</pre>

<p>Redhat Linux on DECstation in R3000 mode should work fine with dynamic
binary translation, but if things are buggy, it can be disabled by 
using the <b><tt>-B</tt></b> command line option.

<p>
NOTE: You can add <b>-X</b> and remove <b>console=ttyS3</b> from the command
line, if you want to use a graphical framebuffer. Unfortunately, Linux 
doesn't have support for keyboards on DECstation 5000/200 yet, so you cannot
actually interact with the sytem. :-(

<p>
[&nbsp;<font color="#ff0000">UPDATE 2005-01-22:</font>&nbsp;
Read the 2005-01-19 update in the Debian section above, and then, if
you do not need ethernet support, try Kaj-Michael Lang's kernel compiled
from <a href="http://www.linux-mips.org/">linux-mips</a>' CVS.
<a href="http://home.tal.org/~milang/o2/kernels/">http://home.tal.org/~milang/o2/kernels</a>/<a href="http://home.tal.org/~milang/o2/kernels/vmlinux-2.4.29-rc2-r3k-mipsel-decstation">vmlinux-2.4.29-rc2-r3k-mipsel-decstation</a>
It should work with framebuffer/keyboard.&nbsp;]


<p><br>
<hr>


<p><br>
<a name="mach"></a>
<h3>Mach/PMAX:</h3>

Read the following link if you want to know more about Mach in general:
<a href="http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/mach/public/www/mach.html">
http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/mach/public/www/mach.html</a>

<p>
<font color="#ff0000">NOTE: Mach for DECstation requires some files
(called 'startup' and 'emulator') which I haven't been able to find
on the web. Without these, Mach will not get very far. These
installation instructions are preliminary.
</font>

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20041018-mach_pmax.png"><img src="20041018-mach_pmax_small.png"></a>

<p>
The following steps should let you experiment with running Mach
for DECstation in the emulator:

<p>
<ol>
  <li>Compile gxemul with cache emulation: (<b>NOTE: --enable-caches</b>)<pre>
        <b>./configure --enable-caches; make</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download the pmax binary distribution for Mach 3.0:<pre>
        <a href="http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/athena/user/d/a/daveg/Info/Links/Mach/src/release/pmax.tar.Z">http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/athena/user/d/a/</a>
            <a href="http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/athena/user/d/a/daveg/Info/Links/Mach/src/release/pmax.tar.Z">daveg/Info/Links/Mach/src/release/pmax.tar.Z</a>
        7263343 bytes, md5 = f9d76c240a6e169921a1df99ad560cc0

</pre>
  <li>Extract the Mach kernel:<pre>
        <b>tar xfvz pmax.tar.Z pmax_mach/special/mach.boot.MK83.STD+ANY</b>

</pre>
  <li>Create an empty disk image:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=disk.img bs=1 count=512 seek=400000000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Load the contents of pmax.tar.Z onto the disk image. This is
        complicated, and should be described in more detail some time.
        For now, use your imagination. (For example using OpenBSD/pmax:
        <i>disklabel -E rz1; newfs -O /dev/rz1a;
        mount /dev/rz1a /mnt; cd /mnt; download pmax.tar.Z using ftp;
        tar xzvf pmax.tar.Z; mv pmax_mach/* .; rmdir pmax_mach;
        mkdir mach_servers;
        cd mach_servers;
        cp ../etc/mach_init .;
        cp ../tests/test_service startup;
        dd if=/dev/zero of=paging_file bs=65536 count=400;
        cd /; sync; umount /mnt</i>)
        <p>
  <li>Start the emulator with the following command:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -X -d disk.img \
            pmax_mach/special/mach.boot.MK83.STD+ANY</b>

</pre>
</ol>


<p><br>
<a name="openbsdsgiinstall"></a>
<h3>OpenBSD/sgi:</h3>

<a href="http://www.openbsd.org/sgi.html">OpenBSD/sgi</a>
can (almost) run in GXemul on an emulated O2 (SGI-IP32) with root on nfs.

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20050617-openbsd-sgi.png"><img src="20050617-openbsd-sgi_small.png"></a>

<p><font color="#ff0000">NOTE: I haven't succeeded all the way with
this yet, and this shows/triggers many bugs in the emulator, but some of
it works.</font>

<p>GXemul does not yet emulate the AHC PCI SCSI controller in the O2. (I have 
mailed Adaptec several times, asking for documentation, but never received 
any reply.) OpenBSD/sgi can still run in the emulator, as long as it doesn't
use SCSI. For a simple test with the ramdisk (install) kernel, try dowloading<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.7/sgi/bsd.rd">ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.7/sgi/bsd.rd</a>

</pre>and run <b><tt>gxemul -e o2 bsd.rd</tt></b>.

<p>It might also be possible to netboot. Another emulated machine must 
then be used as the nfs root server, and the emulated O2 machine must boot 
as a <a href="http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=diskless&amp;manpath=OpenBSD+Current&amp;format=html">diskless</a>
client. Performing this setup is quite time consuming, but necessary:

<p>
<ol>
  <li>First of all, the "<tt>nfs server</tt>" machine must be set up.
        This needs to have a 800 MB <tt>/tftpboot</tt> partition.
        <a href="#netbsdinstall">Install NetBSD/pmax 2.0.2 from CDROM</a>.
        (Don't forget to add the extra partition!)
  <p>
  <li>Configure the nfs server machine to act as an nfs server.
        Start up the emulated DECstation:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -A -d nbsd_pmax.img</b>
</pre>and enter the following commands as <tt>root</tt>
        inside the emulator:
<table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>echo hostname=server &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
echo ifconfig_le0=\"inet 10.0.0.2\" &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
echo nameserver 10.0.0.254 &gt;&gt; /etc/resolv.conf
echo 10.0.0.254 &gt; /etc/mygate
echo /tftpboot -maproot=root 10.0.0.1 &gt; /etc/exports
echo rpcbind=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
echo nfs_server=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
echo mountd=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
echo bootparamd=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
printf "client root=10.0.0.2:/tftpboot \\\n swap=10.0.0.2:/tftpboot/swap\n" &gt; /etc/bootparams
echo "10:20:30:00:00:10 client" &gt; /etc/ethers
echo 10.0.0.1 client &gt; /etc/hosts
reboot</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
  <li>Start the DECstation emulation again, and enter the following
        commands to download the OpenBSD/sgi distribution:<br>(NOTE: This
        takes quite some time, even if you have a fast network connection.)
<table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>cd /tftpboot; ftp -i ftp.se.openbsd.org</b>
(log in as anonymous...)
<b>cd pub/OpenBSD/3.7/sgi
mget b*tgz c* e* g* m*
quit
sh
for a in *.tgz; do echo $a; tar zxfp $a; done
echo 10.0.0.2:/tftpboot / nfs rw 0 0 &gt; /tftpboot/etc/fstab
rm *.tgz
dd if=/dev/zero of=swap bs=1024 count=32768
halt</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
  <li>Download the OpenBSD/sgi GENERIC and RAMDISK kernels:<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.7/sgi/bsd">ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.7/sgi/bsd</a>
        MD5 (bsd) = f16eaf3dcbd51876db7c25f70e6d8a08
        <a href="ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.7/sgi/bsd.rd">ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.7/sgi/bsd.rd</a>
        MD5 (bsd.rd) = 4843e6139d8dd04b03d5f0e33e9a4f7b

</pre>
  <li>Create a configuration file called <tt>config_client</tt>:
<table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<font color="#2020cf">!!gxemul
!
!  Configuration file for running OpenBSD/sgi diskless with
!  a NetBSD/pmax machine as the nfs server.
!
!  This config file is for the client.</font>

<b>emul(
    net(
        add_remote("localhost:12444")   </b>! the server<b>
        local_port(12445)               </b>! the client<b>
    )

    machine(
        name("client machine")
        serial_nr(1)

        type("sgi")
        subtype("o2")

        </b>! load("bsd")<b>
        load("bsd.rd")
    )
)</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
        ... and another configuration file for the server,
        <tt>config_server</tt>:
<table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<font color="#2020cf">!!gxemul</font>
<b>emul(
    net(
        local_port(12444)               </b>! the server<b>
        add_remote("localhost:12445")   </b>! the client<b>
    )

    machine(
        name("nfs server")
        serial_nr(2)

        type("dec")
        subtype("5000/200")

        disk("nbsd_pmax.img")
    )
)</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
  <li>Boot the "<tt>nfs server</tt>" and the OpenBSD/sgi
        "<tt>client machine</tt>" as two separate emulator instances:<pre>
        in one xterm:
        <b>gxemul @config_server</b>

        and then, in another xterm:
        <b>gxemul @config_client</b>

</pre>
  <li>In the OpenBSD/sgi window, choose "<tt>s</tt>" (for Shell), and type:
<table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>ifconfig mec0 10.0.0.1; route add default 10.0.0.254
mount -v 10.0.0.2:/tftpboot /mnt
cd /mnt/dev; ./MAKEDEV all; cd /; umount /mnt
halt</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
        You might want to log in as <tt>root</tt> on the server machine, and
        run <tt>tcpdump -lnvv</tt> or similar, to see that what the client
        machine actually does on the network. The <tt>MAKEDEV</tt> script
        takes almost forever, so be patient.
</ol>


<p><font color="#ff0000">NOTE: Everything up to this point should work. 
However, the next step (in gray) doesn't actually work:</font>

<p><font color="#888888">Once everything has been set up correctly, change
<tt>bsd.rd</tt> in <tt>config_client</tt> to just <tt>bsd</tt> (the GENERIC
kernel). It should now be possible to boot OpenBSD/sgi using the NetBSD/pmax 
nfs server. (When asked for "<tt>root device :</tt>" on the OpenBSD machine, 
enter <tt><b>mec0</b></tt>.)</font>

<p><font color="#ff0000">But it doesn't work. Probably because GXemul's
implementation of the mec (ethernet card used in the O2) is too much of
a quick hack. For now, use the <tt>bsd.rd</tt> kernel, and (at every
boot) type:</font><pre>
        <b>s</b>  (for Shell)
        <b>ifconfig mec0 10.0.0.1; route add default 10.0.0.254</b>
        <b>mount -v 10.0.0.2:/tftpboot /mnt</b>
        <b>cd /mnt; usr/sbin/chroot .</b>
        <b>sh etc/rc</b>
</pre>

<p><font color="#ff0000">This will not cause OpenBSD to be booted 
normally, but at least a few basic things will work.
By the way, the emulator performs so poorly, that you will have time to 
fetch several cups of coffee for each of the steps above.</font>


<p><br>
<a name="netbsdnetwinderinstall"></a>
<h3>NetBSD/netwinder:</h3>

<a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/netwinder/">NetBSD/netwinder</a>
could possibly run in GXemul. <font color="#ff0000">IT DOES <b>NOT</b> WORK YET!</font>

<p>It is tricky to install, because there is (as far as I know) no INSTALL
kernel. One way to install the NetBSD/netwinder distribution onto a disk
image is to install the files using another (emulated) machine.

<p>
The following instructions will let you install the NetBSD/netwinder
distribution onto a disk image, from an emulated DECstation 3MAX machine:

<p>
<ol>
  <li>Install NetBSD/pmax 2.0.2 according to instructions
        <a href="#netbsdinstall">further up on this page</a>.
  <p>
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the disk image
        that you will install NetBSD onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_netwinder.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=999000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download the generic kernel and the 2.0.2 ISO image:<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0.2/netwinder/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0.2/netwinder/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz</a>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.0.2/netwindercd.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.0.2/netwindercd.iso</a>

</pre>
  <p>
  <li>Start NetBSD/pmax like this:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -A -d nbsd_pmax.img -d nbsd_netwinder.img -d netwinder.iso</b>

</pre>and execute the following commands as <tt>root</tt>:
<p><table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>newfs /dev/sd1c
mount /dev/cd0c /mnt
mkdir /mnt2; mount /dev/sd1c /mnt2
cd /mnt2; sh
for a in /mnt/netwinder/binary/sets/*.tgz; do echo $a; tar zxfp $a; done
exit
cd dev; sh ./MAKEDEV all; cd ../etc
echo rc_configured=YES >> rc.conf
echo "/dev/wd0c / ffs rw 1 1" > fstab
cd /; umount /mnt; umount /mnt2; halt</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
</ol>

<p>You should now be able to boot NetBSD/evbmips using this command:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -E netwinder -d nbsd_netwinder.img netbsd-GENERIC.gz</b>
</pre>

<p>Note: The installation instructions above create a filesystem
<i>without</i> a disklabel, so there is only one ffs partition and no
swap. You will need to enter the following things when booting with the
generic kernel:<pre>
        root device (default wd0a): <b>wd0c</b>
        dump device (default wd0b): <b>none</b>
        file system (default generic):    <i>(just press enter)</i>
        init path (default /sbin/init):   <i>(just press enter)</i>
</pre>


</p>

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