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-revision 2 by dpavlin,
Mon Oct  8 16:17:48 2007 UTC
+revision 30 by dpavlin,
Mon Oct  8 16:20:40 2007 UTC
 Line 1
- <html>
+ <html><head><title>Gavare's eXperimental Emulator:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Installing and running "guest OSes"</title>
- <head><title>GXemul documentation: Installing and running "guest OSes"</title>
+ <meta name="robots" content="noarchive,nofollow,noindex"></head>
- </head>
+ <body bgcolor="#f8f8f8" text="#000000" link="#4040f0" vlink="#404040" alink="#ff0000">
- <body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" link="#4040f0" vlink="#404040" alink="#ff0000">
+ <table border=0 width=100% bgcolor="#d0d0d0"><tr>
- <p>
+ <td width=100% align=center valign=center><table border=0 width=100%><tr>
- <table width="100%">
+ <td align="left" valign=center bgcolor="#d0efff"><font color="#6060e0" size="6">
-   <tr><td width="100%" bgcolor="#808070"><font color="#ffffe0" size="6">
+ <b>Gavare's eXperimental Emulator:</b></font><br>
-   <b>GXemul documentation: Installing and running "guest OSes"</b></font></td></tr>
+ <font color="#000000" size="6"><b>Installing and running "guest OSes"</b>
- </table>
+ </font></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p>
- <p>
- <!-- The first 10 lines are cut away by the homepage updating script.  -->
  <!--
- $Id: guestoses.html,v 1.29 2005/04/06 21:15:14 debug Exp $
+ $Id: guestoses.html,v 1.169 2006/08/15 15:38:37 debug Exp $
- Copyright (C) 2003-2005  Anders Gavare.  All rights reserved.
+ Copyright (C) 2003-2006  Anders Gavare.  All rights reserved.
  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
  modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
-Line 42 
 SUCH DAMAGE.
+Line 39 
 SUCH DAMAGE.
  -->
  <a href="./">Back to the index</a>
  <p><br>
-Line 50 
 SUCH DAMAGE.
+Line 48 
 SUCH DAMAGE.
  <p>
  <ul>
    <li><a href="#generalnotes">General notes on running "guest OSes"</a>
-   <li><a href="#netbsdinstall">How to install NetBSD/pmax in GXemul</a>
+   <li><a href="#netbsdpmaxinstall">NetBSD/pmax 3.0.1 or 1.6.2</a>
-   <li><a href="#netbsdarcinstall">How to install NetBSD/arc in GXemul</a>
+   <li><a href="#netbsdarcinstall">NetBSD/arc 1.6.2</a>
-   <li><a href="#netbsdhpcmipsinstall">How to install NetBSD/hpcmips in GXemul</a>
+   <li><a href="#netbsdhpcmipsinstall">NetBSD/hpcmips 3.0.1</a>
- <!--
+   <li><a href="#netbsdcobaltinstall">NetBSD/cobalt 3.0.1</a>
-   <li><a href="#netbsdsgimips">How to run NetBSD/sgimips in GXemul</a>
+   <li><a href="#netbsdevbmipsinstall">NetBSD/evbmips 3.0.1</a>
- -->
+   <li><a href="#netbsdalgorinstall">NetBSD/algor 3.0.1</a>
-   <li><a href="#openbsdinstall">How to install OpenBSD/pmax in GXemul</a>
+   <li><a href="#netbsdsgimips">NetBSD/sgimips 3.0.1</a>
-   <li><a href="#openbsdarcinstall">How to install OpenBSD/arc in GXemul</a>
+   <li><a href="#netbsdcatsinstall">NetBSD/cats 3.0.1</a>
- <!--
+   <li><a href="#netbsdevbarminstall">NetBSD/evbarm 2.1</a>
-   <li><a href="#openbsdsgiinstall">How to run OpenBSD/sgi in GXemul</a>
+   <li><a href="#netbsdnetwinderinstall">NetBSD/netwinder 3.0.1</a>
- -->
+   <li><a href="#netbsdprepinstall">NetBSD/prep 2.1</a>
-   <li><a href="#ultrixinstall">How to install Ultrix/RISC in GXemul</a>
+   <li><a href="#openbsdpmaxinstall">OpenBSD/pmax 2.8-BETA</a>
-   <li><a href="#sprite">How to run Sprite for DECstation in GXemul</a>
+   <li><a href="#openbsdcatsinstall">OpenBSD/cats 3.9</a>
-   <li><a href="#declinux">How to install Debian GNU/Linux for DECstation in GXemul</a>
+   <li><a href="#ultrixinstall">Ultrix/RISC 4.5</a>
-   <li><a href="#declinuxredhat">How to run Redhat Linux for DECstation in GXemul</a>
+   <li><a href="#sprite">Sprite for DECstation</a>
-   <li><a href="#mach">How to run Mach/PMAX in GXemul</a>
+   <li><a href="#declinux">Debian GNU/Linux for DECstation</a>
+   <li><a href="#declinuxredhat">Redhat Linux for DECstation</a>
  </ul>
-Line 78 
 SUCH DAMAGE.
+Line 77 
 SUCH DAMAGE.
  <h3>General notes on running "guest OSes":</h3>
  The emulator works well enough to run complete operating systems. These
- are often refered to as "guest" operating systems.
+ are often refered to as <i>guest</i> operating systems, in contrast to the
+ <i>host</i> operating system which the emulator is running under.
- <p>
+ <p>Although it is possible to let a guest OS access real hardware, such as
- Although it is possible to let a guest OS access real hardware, such as
+ harddisks, it is much more flexible and attractive to simulate harddisks
- harddisks, it is much more flexible and attractive to simulate harddisks
+ using files residing in the host's filesystem. On Unix-like systems, files
- using files residing in the host's filesystem. On Unix-like systems, files
+ may contain holes, which makes this really simple. To the guest operating
- may contain holes, which makes this really simple. To the guest operating
  system, the harddisk image looks and acts like a real disk.
+ <p>The version numbers of the various operating systems were the latest
+ versions that worked satisfactory with GXemul at the time this page was
+ updated; if new versions have been released since then, they might work as
+ well.
+ <p>In addition to the "working" guest operating systems listed above,
+ you might find the following information interesting: (Some of these might
+ not be relevant for this specific release of GXemul.)
+ <ul>
+   <li><a href="#mach">Mach/PMAX</a>
+   <li><a href="#openbsdsgiinstall">OpenBSD/sgi</a>
+   <li><a href="#openbsdarcinstall">OpenBSD/arc 2.3</a>
+   <li><a href="#debiancats">Debian GNU/Linux for CATS</a>
+   <li><a href="#linux_qemu_mips">Linux/QEMU_MIPS</a>
+   <li><a href="#windows_nt_mips">Windows NT/MIPS</a>
+   <li><a href="#netbsdmacppcinstall">NetBSD/macppc 3.0</a>
+   <li><a href="#netbsdbeboxinstall">NetBSD/bebox 19981119</a>
+ </ul>
+ <p>Some operating systems are listed with a version number <i>less</i>
+ than what was available at the time of this GXemul release (e.g.
+ NetBSD/prep). The reasons for this is because of incompleteness in
+ GXemul's machine, device, and/or processor implementations.
-Line 95 
 system, the harddisk image looks and act
+Line 118 
 system, the harddisk image looks and act
  <p><br>
- <a name="netbsdinstall"></a>
+ <a name="netbsdpmaxinstall"></a>
- <h3>How to install NetBSD/pmax in GXemul:</h3>
+ <h3>NetBSD/pmax:</h3>
- To install NetBSD/pmax onto a harddisk image in the emulator, follow these
+ <p><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/pmax/">NetBSD/pmax</a> was the
- instructions:
+ first guest OS that could be
+ <a href="http://mail-index.netbsd.org/port-pmax/2004/04/18/0000.html">installed</a>
+ onto a disk image in GXemul. The device emulation of the DECstation
+/200 is reasonably complete; it should be enough to emulate a
+ networked X-windows-capable workstation.
+ <p>NetBSD/pmax 1.6.2 works perfectly with X out-of-the-box. Unfortunately,
+ newer NetBSD releases have changed slightly, and nowadays X does not
+ work straight away. (It seems that this has to do with NetBSD switching
+ console system to "WSCONS" somewhere between 1.6.2 and 2.0. I haven't had
+ time to figure out how to make it work; at worst it might require a kernel
+ recompilation.) What this means is that if you want to use emulated X11,
+ then you need to run NetBSD 1.6.2. If you feel that you only need
+ serial-console emulation, then choose the latest NetBSD version available.
- <p>
+ <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
- <ol start="1">
+ <a href="20050317-example.png"><img src="20050317-example_small.png"></a>
+ <p>To install NetBSD/pmax onto a harddisk image in the emulator,
+ follow these instructions:
+ <p><ol start="1">
    <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
          that NetBSD installs itself onto:<pre>
-         $ <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=netbsddisk.img bs=1 count=512 seek=1900000000</b>
+         <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_pmax.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=1900000</b>
  </pre>
  </ol>
  <p>
  From this point, there are two separate ways to continue the installation.
  You can either download a CD-ROM iso image (and let the installation
-Line 119 
 steps:
+Line 161 
 steps:
  <ol start="2">
    <li>Download a NetBSD CD-ROM iso image:<pre>
-         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/1.6.2/pmaxcd.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/1.6.2/pmaxcd.iso</a>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-archive/iso/1.6.2/pmaxcd.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-archive/iso/1.6.2/pmaxcd.iso</a>
          or
-         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.0/pmaxcd.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.0/pmaxcd.iso</a>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0.1/pmaxcd-3.0.1.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0.1/pmaxcd-3.0.1.iso</a>
  </pre>
    <li>Start the emulator like this:<pre>
-         $ <b>gxemul -X -b -E dec -e 3max -d netbsddisk.img -d bc:pmaxcd.iso</b>
+         <b>gxemul -e 3max -d nbsd_pmax.img -d bc:pmaxcd-3.0.1.iso</b>
+         (or <b>pmaxcd.iso</b>)
  </pre>
+         and proceed like you would do if you were installing NetBSD on a real
+         DECstation. Remember to choose <tt>vt100</tt> as your terminal
+         type, and not <tt>rcons</tt>.
  </ol>
  <p>
  For an ftp install, substitute steps 2 and 3 above with these:
  <p>
  <ol start="2">
-   <li>Download a NetBSD pmax INSTALL kernel, and gunzip it:<pre>
+   <li>Download a NetBSD pmax INSTALL kernel:<pre>
-         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-1.6.2/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-1.6.2/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz</a>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-archive/NetBSD-1.6.2/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-archive/NetBSD-1.6.2/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz</a>
          or
-         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz</a>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz</a>
-         $ <b>gunzip netbsd-INSTALL.gz</b>
  </pre>
    <li>Start the emulator like this:<pre>
-         $ <b>gxemul -X -b -E dec -e 3max -d netbsddisk.img -O netbsd-INSTALL</b>
+         <b>gxemul -e 3max -d nbsd_pmax.img -O netbsd-INSTALL.gz</b>
  </pre>
- </ol>
+         and proceed like you would do if you were installing NetBSD on a real
+         DECstation. Remember to choose <tt>vt100</tt> as your terminal
- <p>
+         type, and not <tt>rcons</tt>. Suitable networking parameters are as
- (If you don't want to use a graphical framebuffer during the install,
+         follows:<pre>
- you can remove <b>-X</b> from the command line, but then make sure you
- choose 'vt100' when prompted with which terminal type to use, and not
- 'rcons'.)
- <p>
- Then proceed like you would do if you were installing NetBSD on a real
- DECstation. If you are installing from the network, then suitable networking
- parameters are as follows:<pre>
          Which device shall I use? [le0]: <b>le0</b>
          ..
          Your DNS domain: <b>mydomain.com</b>
-Line 165 
 parameters are as follows:<pre>
+Line 201 
 parameters are as follows:<pre>
          IPv4 gateway: <b>10.0.0.254</b>
          IPv4 name server: <b>10.0.0.254</b>
  </pre>
+         (If using 10.0.0.254 as the nameserver fails, then try entering the
+         IP number of a real-world nameserver instead.)
+ </ol>
- <p>
+ <p>If you want to use a graphical framebuffer during the install, you can
- (If using 10.0.0.254 as the nameserver fails, then try entering the
+ add <b><tt>-X -Y2</tt></b> to the command line, and choose <tt>rcons</tt>
- IP number of a real-world nameserver instead.)
+ instead of <tt>vt100</tt> when prompted with which terminal type to use.
+ (By just using <tt><b>-X</b></tt>, you will get a full-size framebuffer
+ window.)
- <p>
+ <p>When the installation is finished, the following command should start
- When the installation is completed, the following command should start
  NetBSD from the harddisk image:<pre>
-         $ <b>gxemul -X -b -M64 -E dec -e 3max -d netbsddisk.img</b>
+         <b>gxemul -e 3max -d nbsd_pmax.img</b>
  </pre>
- <p>
+ <p>If you installed NetBSD/pmax 1.6.2, then try the following to start
- Use <b>startx</b> to start X windows.
+ with a framebuffer:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -X -e 3max -d nbsd_pmax.img</b>
- <p>
- <font color="#ff0000">NOTE:</font> For some reason, NetBSD 2.0 doesn't
- work with X out-of-the-box on pmax. It seems that this has to do with a
- switch to WSCONS. For now, if you want X, then try NetBSD 1.6.2.
- <p>
- If you want to run without the X framebuffer, use this instead:<pre>
-         $ <b>gxemul -E dec -e 3max -b -d netbsddisk.img</b>
  </pre>
+ and log in as <tt>root</tt> and type <tt>startx</tt> to start X windows.
- <p>
- NetBSD/pmax seems to work fine with dynamic binary translation (enabled
- by the <b>-b</b> command line option) in R3000 mode. NetBSD also
- supports R4000-like CPUs on pmax, but the bintrans support for R4000 in
- the emulator is less stable than for R3000.
-Line 202 
 the emulator is less stable than for R30
+Line 231 
 the emulator is less stable than for R30
  <p><br>
  <a name="netbsdarcinstall"></a>
- <h3>How to install NetBSD/arc in GXemul:</h3>
+ <h3>NetBSD/arc:</h3>
- It is possible to run NetBSD/arc on an emulated Acer PICA-61 in the
+ It is possible to install and run an old version of <a
- emulator.
+ href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/arc/">NetBSD/arc</a>
+ on an emulated Acer PICA-61 in the emulator.
  <p>
- To install NetBSD/arc from a CDROM image onto an emulated harddisk image,
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
- follow these instructions:
+ <a href="20041024-netbsd-arc-installed.gif"><img src="20041024-netbsd-arc-installed_small.gif"></a>
+ <p>
+ To install NetBSD/arc 1.6.2 from a CDROM image onto an emulated
+ harddisk image, follow these instructions:
  <p>
  <ol start="1">
    <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
          that NetBSD installs itself onto:<pre>
-         $ <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_arc.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=900000</b>
+         <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_arc.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=900000</b>
  </pre>
-   <li>Download a NetBSD/arc CDROM image from ftp:<pre>
+   <li>Download a NetBSD/arc 1.6.2 CDROM image, and a generic NetBSD/arc
-         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/1.6.2/arccd.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/1.6.2/arccd.iso</a>
+         kernel:<pre>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-archive/iso/1.6.2/arccd.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-archive/iso/1.6.2/arccd.iso</a>
- </pre>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-archive/NetBSD-1.6.2/arc/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-archive/NetBSD-1.6.2/arc/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz</a>
-   <li>Download a NetBSD/arc installation (ramdisk) kernel,
-         and gunzip it:<pre>
-         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-1.6.2/arc/binary/kernel/netbsd.RAMDISK.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-1.6.2/arc/binary/kernel/netbsd.RAMDISK.gz</a>
  </pre>
    <li>Start the emulator using this command line:<pre>
-         $ <b>gxemul -E arc -e pica -b -d nbsd_arc.img -d arccd.iso netbsd.RAMDISK</b>
+         <b>gxemul -e pica -x -d nbsd_arc.img -d bc:arccd.iso \
+           -j arc/binary/kernel/netbsd.RAMDISK.gz</b>
  </pre>
+         (Try removing <tt>-x</tt> if you have problems with the xterm.)
+     <p>
    <li>From now on, you have to use your imagination, as there is no
-         automatic installation program for NetBSD/arc. Here are some tips
+         automatic installation program for NetBSD/arc 1.6.2. Here are
-         and hints on how you can proceed with the install:<pre>
+         some tips and hints on how you can proceed with the install:
-         $ <b>mount /dev/cd0a /mnt2</b>
+ <p><table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
-         $ <b>disklabel -i -I sd0</b>    (for example 'a', '4.2BSD', '1c',
+ <b>mount /dev/cd0a /mnt2
-             '700M', 'b', 'swap', '701M', '$', 'P', 'W', 'y', and 'Q')
+ disklabel -i -I sd0</b>    (for example 'a', '4.2BSD', '1c',
-         $ <b>newfs /dev/sd0a</b>
+     '700M', 'b', 'swap', '701M', '$', 'P', 'W', 'y', and 'Q')
-         $ <b>mount /dev/sd0a /mnt</b>
+ <b>newfs /dev/sd0a
-         $ <b>cd /mnt</b>
+ mount /dev/sd0a /mnt
-         $ <b>for a in /mnt2/arc/binary/sets/*.tgz; do tar xvzpf $a; done</b>
+ cd /mnt
-         $ <b>cd dev; sh MAKEDEV all</b>
+ for a in /mnt2/arc/binary/sets/*.tgz; do echo $a; tar xzpf $a; done
-         $ <b>cd ../etc; echo "rc_configured=YES" &gt;&gt; rc.conf</b>
+ cd dev; sh MAKEDEV all
-         $ <b>cat > /mnt/etc/fstab</b>
+ cd ../etc; echo "rc_configured=YES" &gt;&gt; rc.conf
-             /dev/sd0a / ffs rw 1 1
+ cat > /mnt/etc/fstab
-             /dev/sd0b none swap sw 0 0
+ /dev/sd0a / ffs rw 1 1
-             (ctrl-d)
+ /dev/sd0b none swap sw 0 0
-         $ <b>cd /; umount /mnt; umount /mnt2</b>
+ </b>(press ctrl-d)
-         $ <b>halt</b>
+ <b>cd /; umount /mnt; umount /mnt2
+ halt</b>
- </pre>
+ </pre></td></tr></table>
-   <li>Download a generic NetBSD/arc kernel,
-         and gunzip it:<pre>
-         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-1.6.2/arc/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-1.6.2/arc/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz</a>
- </pre>
  </ol>
- <p>
+ <p>You can now use the generic NetBSD/arc kernel to boot from the harddisk
- You can now use the generic NetBSD/arc kernel to boot from the harddisk
+ image, using the following command:<pre>
- image, using the following command:
+         <b>gxemul -e pica -x -d nbsd_arc.img netbsd-GENERIC.gz</b>
- <p>
- <pre>
-         $ <b>gxemul -E arc -e pica -b -d nbsd_arc.img netbsd-GENERIC</b>
  </pre>
- <p>
+ <p>When asked for "<tt>root device: </tt>", enter <b><tt>sd0</tt></b>.
- Using <b>-b</b> (enabling dynamic binary translation), as in the instructions
- above, is not 100% stable. If you experiment weird crashes, try removing that
- option and try again.
-Line 280 
 option and try again.
+Line 303 
 option and try again.
  <p><br>
  <a name="netbsdhpcmipsinstall"></a>
- <h3>How to install NetBSD/hpcmips in GXemul:</h3>
+ <h3>NetBSD/hpcmips:</h3>
- It is possible to install NetBSD/hpcmips onto a disk image, on an an
+ It is possible to install <a
- emulated MobilePro 770, 780, 800, or 880. The emulator treats the
+ href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/hpcmips/">NetBSD/hpcmips</a> onto a disk
- different machine models as being almost identical; the most important
+ image, on an an emulated MobilePro 770, 780, 800, or 880. The emulator
- difference is regarding the framebuffer.
+ treats the different machine models as being almost identical; the most
+ important difference is regarding the framebuffer.
- <p>
+ <p><table border="0">
- <table border="0">
          <tr>
                  <td width="80">&nbsp;</td>
                  <td><u>Model:</u></td>
-Line 332 
 difference is regarding the framebuffer.
+Line 355 
 difference is regarding the framebuffer.
  </table>
  <p>
- (<super>*</super>) = not aligned at a 4 KB boundary, so it will not work
+ (<super>*</super>) = not aligned at a page boundary, so it will not work
- efficiently with the current bintrans system. Using this mode will still
+ efficiently with the current dyntrans system. Using this mode will still
  work, but each load and store will be emulated much more slowly than is
  possible with an aligned framebuffer.
-Line 342 
 possible with an aligned framebuffer.
+Line 365 
 possible with an aligned framebuffer.
  than the other models, for some reason. (This is a known bug.)
  <p>
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+ <a href="20050427-netbsd-hpcmips-1.png"><img src="20050427-netbsd-hpcmips-1_small.png"></a>
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+ <a href="20050427-netbsd-hpcmips-2.png"><img src="20050427-netbsd-hpcmips-2_small.png"></a>
+ <p>
  These instructions show an example of how to install
- NetBSD/hpcmips on an emulated MobilePro 800:
+ NetBSD/hpcmips on an emulated MobilePro 770:
  <p>
  <ol start="1">
    <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
          that you will install NetBSD/hpcmips onto:<pre>
-         $ <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_hpcmips.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=1990000</b>
+         <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_hpcmips.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=999000</b>
  </pre>
-   <li>Download the installation kernel (and gunzip it) and an ISO
+   <li>Download the NetBSD/hpcmips 3.0.1 ISO image, and a generic kernel:<pre>
-         image of NetBSD 2.0 for hpcmips:<pre>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0.1/">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0.1</a>/<a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0.1/hpcmipscd-3.0.1.iso">hpcmipscd-3.0.1.iso</a>
-         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/hpcmips/installation/">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/hpcmips/installation</a>/<a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/hpcmips/installation/netbsd.gz">netbsd.gz</a>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/hpcmips/binary/kernel/">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/hpcmips/binary/kernel</a>/<a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/hpcmips/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz">netbsd-GENERIC.gz</a>
-         <a href="ftp://ftp.se.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.0/">ftp://ftp.se.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.0</a>/<a href="ftp://ftp.se.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.0/hpcmipscd.iso">hpcmipscd.iso</a>
- </pre>(You may want to choose a mirror closer to you, if .se is slow.)
+ </pre>
    <p>
    <li>Start the installation like this:<pre>
-         $ <b>gxemul -E hpc -e mobilepro800 -b -X -d nbsd_hpcmips.img -d hpcmipscd.iso netbsd</b>
+         <b>gxemul -e mobilepro770 -X -d nbsd_hpcmips.img  \
+           -d b:hpcmipscd-3.0.1.iso -j hpcmips/installation/netbsd.gz</b>
  </pre>
          and proceed like you would do if you were installing NetBSD on a real
-         MobilePro 800. (Install onto wd0, choose "Use entire disk" when
+         MobilePro 770. (Install onto wd0, choose "Use entire disk" when
-         doing the MBR partitioning, and choose wd1d (not cd0c) as the
+         doing the MBR partitioning, and choose to install from CD-ROM.)
-         CDROM device to install from.)
  </ol>
  <p>
  If everything worked, NetBSD should now be installed on the disk image.
- GXemul does not (yet) support reading the kernel directly from the
+ Use the following command line to boot the emulated hpcmips machine:<pre>
- disk image, so you need to download a generic kernel separately:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -e mobilepro770 -X -d nbsd_hpcmips.img netbsd-GENERIC.gz</b>
-         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/hpcmips/binary/kernel/">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/hpcmips/binary/kernel</a>/<a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/hpcmips/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz">netbsd-GENERIC.gz</a>
  </pre>
+ <p>If you change your mind at this point regarding which machine type to
+ emulate, you might for example prefer a MobilePro 800, then you can change
+ that at any time. NetBSD/hpcmips is designed to be able to boot on many
+ types, without any need to change the kernel.
+ <p>When you have logged in as <tt>root</tt>, you can use <tt>startx</tt> to
+ start X Windows, but there is no mouse support yet so only keyboard input
+ is available. This makes it a bit akward to use X.
+ <p><br>
+ <a name="netbsdcobaltinstall"></a>
+ <h3>NetBSD/cobalt:</h3>
+ <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/cobalt/">NetBSD/cobalt</a> is tricky
+ to install, because the Cobalt machines were designed for Linux, and not
+ very flexible. There is no traditional INSTALL kernel for NetBSD/cobalt.
+ One way to install the NetBSD/cobalt distribution onto a disk image is to
+ do it from another (emulated) machine.
+ <p>
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+ <a href="20060812-netbsd-cobalt-3.0.1.png"><img src="20060812-netbsd-cobalt-3.0.1_small.png"></a>
  <p>
- Once you have gunziped the generic kernel, you can now use it to boot from
+ The following instructions will let you install NetBSD/cobalt onto a disk
- the harddisk image, using the following command:<pre>
+ image, from an emulated DECstation 3MAX machine:
-         $ <b>gxemul -E hpc -e mobilepro800 -b -X -d nbsd_hpcmips.img netbsd-GENERIC</b>
+ <p>
+ <ol>
+   <li>Download a NetBSD/pmax (DECstation) install RAMDISK kernel:<pre>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz</a>
  </pre>
+   <p>
+   <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the disk image
+         that you will install NetBSD/cobalt onto:<pre>
+         <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_cobalt.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=700000</b>
+ </pre>
+   <li>Download the generic kernel for Cobalt and the 3.0.1 ISO image:<pre>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/cobalt/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/cobalt/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz</a>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0.1/cobaltcd-3.0.1.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0.1/cobaltcd-3.0.1.iso</a>
+ </pre>
+   <li>Start the emulated DECstation machine like this:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -e 3max -d nbsd_cobalt.img -d cobaltcd-3.0.1.iso netbsd-INSTALL.gz</b>
+ </pre>
+   <li>Log in as root (on the emulated 3MAX machine), and execute the
+         following commands: (adjust according to taste)
+ <p><table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
+ <b>newfs /dev/sd0c
+ mount /dev/cd0c /mnt
+ mkdir /mnt2; mount /dev/sd0c /mnt2
+ cd /mnt2; sh
+ for a in /mnt/*/binary/sets/[bcekmt]*.tgz; do echo $a; tar zxfp $a; done
+ exit
+ cd dev; sh ./MAKEDEV all; cd ../etc
+ echo rc_configured=YES >> rc.conf
+ echo "/dev/wd0d / ffs rw 1 1" > fstab
+ cd /; umount /mnt; umount /mnt2; halt</b>
+ </pre></td></tr></table>
+ </ol>
  <p>
- When you have logged in as root, you can use <b>startx</b> to start X
+ You should now be able to boot NetBSD/cobalt like this:<pre>
- Windows. (Note: There is no mouse support yet; you can only use
+         <b>gxemul -E cobalt -d nbsd_cobalt.img netbsd-GENERIC.gz</b>
- keyboard input.)
+ </pre>
+ Note that the installation instructions above create a filesystem
+ <i>without</i> a disklabel, so there is only one ffs partition and no
+ swap. You will need to enter the following things when booting with the
+ generic kernel:<pre>
+         root device (default wd0a): <b>wd0d</b>
+         dump device (default wd0b): <b>none</b>
+         file system (default generic): <b>ffs</b>
+         init path (default /sbin/init):     <i>(just press enter here)</i>
+ </pre>
- <!--
  <p><br>
- <a name="netbsdsgimips"></a>
+ <a name="netbsdevbmipsinstall"></a>
- <h3>How to run NetBSD/sgimips in GXemul:</h3>
+ <h3>NetBSD/evbmips:</h3>
- <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/sgimips/">NetBSD/sgimips</a>
+ <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/evbmips/">NetBSD/evbmips</a> can run
- can theoretically run in GXemul on an emulated O2 (SGI-IP32) with root on nfs.
+ in GXemul on an emulated Malta evaluation board, with a 5Kc (MIPS64) or
+Kc (MIPS32) processor. 5Kc is the default.
+ <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+ <a href="20060812-netbsd-malta-3.0.1.png"><img src="20060812-netbsd-malta-3.0.1_small.png"></a>
+ <p>One way to install the NetBSD/evbmips distribution onto a disk
+ image is to install the files using another (emulated) machine.
  <p>
- <font color="#ff0000">NOTE: I haven't succeeded with this yet.</font>
+ The following instructions will let you install NetBSD/evbmips onto a disk
+ image, from an emulated DECstation 3MAX machine:
  <p>
- See the section on <a href="#openbsdsgiinstall">how to run OpenBSD/sgi</a>
+ <ol>
- for more information.
+   <li>Download a NetBSD/pmax (DECstation) install RAMDISK kernel:<pre>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz</a>
+ </pre>
+   <p>
+   <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the disk image
+         that you will install NetBSD onto:<pre>
+         <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_malta.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=700000</b>
+ </pre>
+   <li>Download the Malta kernel and the 3.0.1 ISO image:<pre>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/evbmips-mipsel/binary/kernel/netbsd-MALTA.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/evbmips-mipsel/binary/kernel/netbsd-MALTA.gz</a>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0.1/evbmips-mipselcd-3.0.1.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0.1/evbmips-mipselcd-3.0.1.iso</a>
+ </pre>
+   <p>
+   <li>Start the emulated DECstation machine like this:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -e 3max -d nbsd_malta.img -d evbmips-mipselcd-3.0.1.iso netbsd-INSTALL.gz</b>
+ </pre>
+   <li>At the <tt>Terminal type? [rcons]</tt> prompt, type <b>CTRL-B</b>
+ to simulate a CTRL-C sent to NetBSD/pmax. Then execute the following commands:
+ <p><table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
+ <b>newfs /dev/sd0c
+ mount /dev/cd0c /mnt
+ mkdir /mnt2; mount /dev/sd0c /mnt2
+ cd /mnt2; sh
+ for a in /mnt/*/binary/sets/[bcemt]*.tgz; do echo $a; tar zxfp $a; done
+ exit
+ cd dev; sh ./MAKEDEV all; cd ../etc
+ echo rc_configured=YES >> rc.conf
+ echo "/dev/wd0c / ffs rw 1 1" > fstab
+ cd /; umount /mnt; umount /mnt2; halt</b>
+ </pre></td></tr></table>
+ </ol>
+ <p>You should now be able to boot NetBSD/evbmips using this command:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -e malta -d nbsd_malta.img netbsd-MALTA.gz</b>
+ </pre>
+ <p>NOTE: To select a 4Kc (MIPS32) CPU instead of the default 5Kc
+ (MIPS64) CPU, add <tt><b>-C 4Kc</b></tt> to the command line. With NetBSD
+.0.1, however, there will be little or no difference in functionality, as
+ NetBSD still runs in 32-bit mode on 64-bit MIPS CPUs. There are two things
+ that differ:<ol>
+   <li>The dynamic translation core runs faster when emulating 32-bit
+         processors, so <tt><b>-C 4Kc</b></tt> might make things go faster.
+   <li>4Kc only has 16 TLB entries, whereas 5Kc has 48. This makes 4Kc
+         emulation slower in general, because there are more TLB misses.
+ </ol>
+ <p>The installation instructions above create a filesystem
+ <i>without</i> a disklabel, so there is only one ffs partition and no
+ swap. You will need to enter the following things when booting with the
+ generic kernel:<pre>
+         root device (default wd0a): <b>wd0c</b>
+         dump device (default wd0b):             <i>(just press enter)</i>
+         file system (default generic):          <i>(just press enter)</i>
+         init path (default /sbin/init):         <i>(just press enter)</i>
+ </pre>
+ <p><br>
+ <a name="netbsdalgorinstall"></a>
+ <h3>NetBSD/algor:</h3>
+ <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/algor/">NetBSD/algor</a> can
+ run in GXemul on an emulated Algorithmics P5064 evaluation board.
+ <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+ <a href="20060814-netbsd-algor-3.0.1.png"><img src="20060814-netbsd-algor-3.0.1_small.png"></a>
+ <p>One way to install the NetBSD/algor distribution onto a disk
+ image is to install the files using another (emulated) machine.
+ <p>The following instructions will let you install NetBSD/algor onto a disk
+ image, from an emulated DECstation 3MAX machine:
  <p>
- TODO...
+ <ol>
+   <li>Download a NetBSD/pmax (DECstation) install RAMDISK kernel:<pre>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz</a>
+ </pre>
+   <p>
+   <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the disk image
+         that you will install NetBSD/algor onto:<pre>
+         <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_algor.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=700000</b>
- <pre>
+ </pre>
- cd /x; ftp -i ftp.se.netbsd.org
+   <li>Download the P5064 Algor kernel and the 3.0.1 ISO image:<pre>
- ..
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/algor/binary/kernel/netbsd-P5064.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/algor/binary/kernel/netbsd-P5064.gz</a>
- cd pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.0/sgimips/binary/sets
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0.1/algorcd-3.0.1.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0.1/algorcd-3.0.1.iso</a>
- mget *.tgz
+ </pre>
+   <p>
+   <li>Start the emulated DECstation machine like this:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -e 3max -d nbsd_algor.img -d algorcd-3.0.1.iso netbsd-INSTALL.gz</b>
+ </pre>
+   <li>At the <tt>Terminal type? [rcons]</tt> prompt, type <b>CTRL-B</b>
+ to simulate a CTRL-C sent to NetBSD/pmax. Then execute the following commands:
+ <p><table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
+ <b>newfs /dev/sd0c
+ mount /dev/cd0c /mnt
+ mkdir /mnt2; mount /dev/sd0c /mnt2
+ cd /mnt2; sh
+ for a in /mnt/*/binary/sets/[bcekmt]*.tgz; do echo $a; tar zxfp $a; done
  exit
+ cd dev; sh ./MAKEDEV all; cd ../etc
+ echo rc_configured=YES >> rc.conf
+ echo "/dev/wd0c / ffs rw 1 1" > fstab
+ cd /; umount /mnt; umount /mnt2; halt</b>
+ </pre></td></tr></table>
+ </ol>
+ <p>You should now be able to boot NetBSD/algor using this command:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -x -e p5064 -d nbsd_algor.img netbsd-P5064.gz</b>
+ </pre>
+ <p>The installation instructions above create a filesystem
+ <i>without</i> a disklabel, so there is only one ffs partition and no
+ swap. You will need to enter the following things when booting with the
+ generic kernel:<pre>
+         root device (default wd0a): <b>wd0c</b>
+         dump device (default wd0b):             <i>(just press enter)</i>
+         file system (default generic):          <i>(just press enter)</i>
+         init path (default /sbin/init):         <i>(just press enter)</i>
+ </pre>
+ <p><br>
+ <a name="netbsdsgimips"></a>
+ <h3>NetBSD/sgimips:</h3>
+ <p>
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+ <a href="20060623-netbsd-sgimips-3.0.png"><img src="20060623-netbsd-sgimips-3.0_small.png"></a>
+ <p><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/sgimips/">NetBSD/sgimips</a> can run
+ in GXemul on an emulated O2 (SGI-IP32). However, GXemul does not yet
+ emulate the AHC PCI SCSI controller in the O2. (I have mailed Adaptec
+ several times, asking for documentation, but never received any reply.)
+ NetBSD can still run in the emulator, as long as it doesn't use SCSI.
+ <p>For a simple test with the ramdisk/install kernel, try
+ dowloading<pre>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL32_IP3x.gz">ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL32_IP3x.gz</a>
+ </pre>and run&nbsp;&nbsp;<b><tt>gxemul -x -e o2 netbsd-INSTALL32_IP3x.gz</tt></b>.
+ <p>It is possible to set up an environment for netbooting the emulated SGI
+ machine off of another emulated machine. Performing this setup is quite
+ time consuming, but necessary:
+ <p>
+ <ol>
+   <li>First of all, the "<tt>nfs server</tt>" machine must be set up.
+         This needs to have a 750 MB <tt>/tftpboot</tt> partition.
+         <a href="#netbsdpmaxinstall">Install NetBSD/pmax 3.0.1 from CDROM</a>.
+         (Don't forget to add the extra partition!)
+   <p>
+   <li>Configure the nfs server machine to act as an nfs server.
+         Start up the emulated DECstation:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -e 3max -d nbsd_pmax.img</b>
+ </pre>and enter the following commands as <tt>root</tt>
+         inside the emulator:
+ <table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
+ <b>echo hostname=server &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
+ echo ifconfig_le0=\"inet 10.0.0.2\" &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
+ echo nameserver 10.0.0.254 &gt;&gt; /etc/resolv.conf
+ echo 10.0.0.254 &gt; /etc/mygate
+ echo /tftpboot -maproot=root 10.0.0.1 &gt; /etc/exports
+ echo rpcbind=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
+ echo nfs_server=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
+ echo mountd=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
+ echo bootparamd=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
+ printf "client root=10.0.0.2:/tftpboot \\\n swap=10.0.0.2:/tftpboot/swap\n" &gt; /etc/bootparams
+ echo "bootps dgram udp wait root /usr/sbin/bootpd bootpd -d 4 -h 10.0.0.2" &gt;&gt; /etc/inetd.conf
+ cat &gt;&gt; /etc/bootptab
+ client:\
+         :ht=ether:\
+         :ha=102030000010:\
+         :sm=255.0.0.0:\
+         :lg=10.0.0.254:\
+         :ip=10.0.0.1:\
+         :rp=/tftpboot:
+ </b>(press CTRL-D)
+ <b>echo "10:20:30:00:00:10 client" &gt; /etc/ethers
+ echo 10.0.0.1 client &gt; /etc/hosts
+ reboot</b>
+ </pre></td></tr></table>
+   <li>Start the DECstation emulation again, and download the
+         NetBSD/sgimips distribution sets:<br>(NOTE: This
+         takes quite some time, even if you have a fast network connection.)
+ <table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
+ <b>cd /tftpboot; ftp -i ftp.se.netbsd.org</b>
+ (log in as anonymous...)
+ <b>cd /pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/sgimips/binary/sets
+ mget base.tgz comp.tgz etc.tgz games.tgz man.tgz misc.tgz text.tgz
+ quit
  sh
- for a in etc.tgz base.tgz comp.tgz; do tar zxvfp $a; done
+ for a in *.tgz; do echo $a; tar zxfp $a; rm -f $a; done
+ echo 10.0.0.2:/tftpboot / nfs rw 0 0 &gt; /tftpboot/etc/fstab
+ echo rc_configured=YES &gt;&gt; /tftpboot/etc/rc.conf
+ dd if=/dev/zero of=swap bs=1024 count=32768
+ halt</b>
+ </pre></td></tr></table>
+   <li>Download the NetBSD/sgimips GENERIC and INSTALL kernels:<pre>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC32_IP3x.gz">ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC32_IP3x.gz</a>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL32_IP3x.gz">ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL32_IP3x.gz</a>
+ </pre>
+   <li>Create a configuration file called <tt>config_client</tt>:
+ <table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
+ <font color="#2020cf">!  Configuration file for running NetBSD/sgimips diskless with
+ !  a NetBSD/pmax machine as the nfs server.</font>
+ <b>    net(
+         add_remote("localhost:12444")   </b>! the server<b>
+         local_port(12445)               </b>! the client<b>
+     )
+     machine(
+         name("client machine")
+         serial_nr(1)
+         type("sgi")
+         subtype("o2")
+         load("netbsd-INSTALL32_IP3x.gz")</b>
+         ! load("netbsd-GENERIC32_IP3x.gz")<b>
+     )
+ </b>
+ </pre></td></tr></table>
+         ... and another configuration file for the server,
+         <tt>config_server</tt>:
+ <table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
+ <b>    net(
+         local_port(12444)               </b>! the server<b>
+         add_remote("localhost:12445")   </b>! the client<b>
+     )
+     machine(
+         name("nfs server")
+         serial_nr(2)
+         type("dec")
+         subtype("5000/200")
+         disk("nbsd_pmax.img")
+     )
+ </b>
+ </pre></td></tr></table>
+   <li>Boot the "<tt>nfs server</tt>" and the NetBSD/sgimips
+         "<tt>client machine</tt>" as two separate emulator instances:<pre>
+         in one xterm:
+         <b>gxemul @config_server</b>
+         and then, in another xterm:
+         <b>gxemul @config_client</b>
+ </pre>
+   <li>In the NetBSD/sgimips window, choose "<tt>x: Exit Install System</tt>"
+         in the installer's main menu, and then type:<pre>
+         <b>ifconfig mec0 10.0.0.1; route add default 10.0.0.254</b>
+         <b>mount -v 10.0.0.2:/tftpboot /mnt</b>
+         <b>cd /mnt/dev; ./MAKEDEV all; cd /; umount /mnt</b>
+         <b>halt</b>
+ </pre>Then, once the client machine has halted, log in as <tt>root</tt>
+         on the server machine and type <tt><b>reboot</b></tt>.
+   <p>
+   <li>Once everything has been set up correctly, change
+         <tt>netbsd-INSTALL32_IP3x.gz</tt> in <tt>config_client</tt> to
+         <tt>netbsd-GENERIC32_IP3x.gz</tt> (the GENERIC kernel).
+ </ol>
+ <p>You might want to log in as <tt>root</tt> on the server machine, and
+ run <tt>tcpdump -lnvv</tt> or similar, to see that what the client machine
+ actually does on the network.
+ <p>It should now be possible to boot NetBSD/sgimips using the NetBSD/pmax
+ nfs server, using the following commands: (NOTE! Execute these two
+ commands in separate xterms!)<pre>
+         <b>gxemul @config_server</b>
+         <b>gxemul @config_client</b>
+ </pre>
+ <p>When asked for "<tt>root device:</tt>" etc. on the client machine, enter
+ the following values:<pre>
+         root device: <b>mec0</b>
+         dump device:                            <b>(leave blank)</b>
+         file system (default generic):          <b>(leave blank)</b>
+         ..
+         init path (default /sbin/init):         <b>(leave blank)</b>
+         Enter pathname of shell or RETURN for /bin/sh:  <b>(leave blank)</b>
+         Terminal type? [unknown] <b>xterm</b>
+         ..
+         # <b>exit</b>                   (to leave the single-user shell)
+ </pre>
+ <p>Note: Netbooting like this is very slow, so you need a lot of patience.
+ For example, when NetBSD says "<tt>nfs_boot: trying DHCP/BOOTP</tt>",
+ there will be a long pause, even on a very fast host machine. The reason
+ for this is mostly because the emulator doesn't deal with timing issues
+ very well, but also because NetBSD tries IPv6 first, before falling back
+ to IPv4.
+ <p><br>
+ <a name="netbsdcatsinstall"></a>
+ <h3>NetBSD/cats:</h3>
+ It is possible to install and run
+ <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/cats/">NetBSD/cats</a> in GXemul.
+ <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+ <a href="20051007-netbsd-cats-installed.png"><img src="20051007-netbsd-cats-installed_small.png"></a>
+ <p>
+ To install NetBSD/cats onto a disk image, follow these instructions:
+ <p>
+ <ol start="1">
+   <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
+         that you will install NetBSD/cats onto:<pre>
+         <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_cats.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=2000000</b>
+ </pre>
+   <li>Download the NetBSD/cats 3.0.1 ISO image and the generic and install kernels:<pre>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0.1/catscd-3.0.1.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0.1/catscd-3.0.1.iso</a>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/cats/binary/kernel/netbsd.aout-GENERIC.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/cats/binary/kernel/netbsd.aout-GENERIC.gz</a>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/cats/binary/kernel/netbsd.aout-INSTALL.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/cats/binary/kernel/netbsd.aout-INSTALL.gz</a>
+ </pre>
+   <p>
+   <li>Start the installation like this:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -XEcats -d nbsd_cats.img -d catscd-3.0.1.iso netbsd.aout-INSTALL.gz</b>
+ </pre>
+         and proceed like you would do if you were installing NetBSD on a real
+         CATS from CDROM.
+ </ol>
+ <p>Alternatively, to install from FTP, you can skip downloading the ISO,
+ and start the install without <tt>-d catscd-3.0.1.iso</tt>. Suitable network
+ settings are IP 10.0.0.1, gateway/default route 10.0.0.254, netmask
+.0.0.0, nameserver 10.0.0.254.
+ <p>If everything worked, NetBSD should now be installed on the disk image.
+ Use the following command line to boot the emulated CATS machine:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -XEcats -d nbsd_cats.img netbsd.aout-GENERIC.gz</b>
  </pre>
- -->
+ <p><br>
+ <a name="netbsdevbarminstall"></a>
+ <h3>NetBSD/evbarm:</h3>
+ <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/evbarm/">NetBSD/evbarm</a> can
+ run in GXemul on an emulated IQ80321 evaluation board.
+ <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+ <a href="20060218-netbsd-evbarm.png"><img src="20060218-netbsd-evbarm_small.png"></a>
+ <p>It is tricky to install, because there is (as far as I know) no INSTALL
+ kernel. One way to install the NetBSD/evbarm distribution onto a disk
+ image is to install the files using another (emulated) machine.
+ <p>The following instructions will let you install NetBSD/evbarm onto a disk
+ image, from an emulated CATS machine:
+ <p>
+ <ol>
+   <li>Install NetBSD/cats 3.0.1 according to instructions
+         <a href="#netbsdcatsinstall">further up on this page</a>.
+   <p>
+   <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the disk image
+         that you will install NetBSD onto:<pre>
+         <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_iq80321.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=999000</b>
+ </pre>
+   <li>Download an IQ80321 kernel with wdc support, and the 2.1 ISO image:<pre>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.1/evbarm/binary/kernel/">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.1/evbarm/binary/kernel</a>/<a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.1/evbarm/binary/kernel/netbsd-wd0-IQ80321.gz">netbsd-wd0-IQ80321.gz</a>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.1/evbarmcd.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.1/evbarmcd.iso</a>
+ </pre>
+   <p>
+   <li>The first step is to copy the .tgz files we want onto the CATS
+         machine's harddisk. Start the CATS machine like this:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -XEcats -d nbsd_cats.img -d evbarmcd.iso netbsd.aout-GENERIC.gz</b>
+ </pre>and execute the following commands as <tt>root</tt>:
+ <p><table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
+ <b>mount /dev/cd0a /mnt; cd /root; cp /mnt/evbarm/binary/sets/[bcegmt]* .
+ sync; halt</b>
+ </pre></td></tr></table>
+   <p>
+   <li>Now let's extract the files onto the IQ80321's disk image. Start the
+         CATS machine again, with the following command line:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -XEcats -d nbsd_cats.img -d nbsd_iq80321.img netbsd.aout-GENERIC.gz</b>
+ </pre>and execute the following commands as <tt>root</tt>:
+ <p><table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
+ <b>disklabel -I -i wd1</b>
+     (enter suitable commands, e.g. <i>a, 4.2BSD, 1c, 750M, b,
+      swap, a, 200M, P, W, y, Q</i>)
+ <b>newfs /dev/wd1a; mount /dev/wd1a /mnt; cd /mnt; sh
+ for a in /root/[bcegmt]*.tgz; do echo $a; tar zxfp $a; done
+ exit
+ cd dev; sh ./MAKEDEV all; cd ../etc
+ echo rc_configured=YES &gt;&gt; rc.conf
+ echo "/dev/wd0a / ffs rw 1 1" &gt; fstab
+ echo "/dev/wd0b none swap sw 0 0" &gt;&gt; fstab
+ cd /; umount /mnt; sync; halt</b>
+ </pre></td></tr></table>
+ </ol>
+ <p>You should now be able to boot NetBSD/evbarm using this command:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -xEiq80321 -d nbsd_iq80321.img netbsd-wd0-IQ80321.gz</b>
+ </pre>
-Line 433 
 for a in etc.tgz base.tgz comp.tgz; do t
+Line 976 
 for a in etc.tgz base.tgz comp.tgz; do t
  <p><br>
- <a name="openbsdinstall"></a>
+ <a name="netbsdnetwinderinstall"></a>
- <h3>How to install OpenBSD/pmax in GXemul:</h3>
+ <h3>NetBSD/netwinder:</h3>
+ It is possible to run <a
+ href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/netwinder/">NetBSD/netwinder</a>
+ in GXemul.
+ <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+ <a href="20060724-netbsd-netwinder-1.png"><img src="20060724-netbsd-netwinder-1_small.png"></a>
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="20060724-netbsd-netwinder-2.png"><img src="20060724-netbsd-netwinder-2_small.png"></a>
+ <p>There is no INSTALL ramdisk kernel, so one way to install the
+ NetBSD/netwinder distribution onto a disk image is to install the files
+ using another (emulated) machine. The following instructions will let you
+ install the NetBSD/netwinder distribution onto a disk image, from an
+ emulated DECstation 3MAX machine:
- Installing OpenBSD/pmax is a bit harder than installing NetBSD/pmax.
+ <p>
- You should first read the section above on how to install NetBSD/pmax,
+ <ol>
+   <li>Download a NetBSD/pmax (DECstation) install RAMDISK kernel:<pre>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz</a>
+ </pre>
+   <p>
+   <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the disk image
+         that you will install NetBSD onto:<pre>
+         <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_netwinder.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=999000</b>
+ </pre>
+   <li>Download the generic kernel and the 3.0.1 ISO image:<pre>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/netwinder/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0.1/netwinder/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz</a>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0.1/netwindercd-3.0.1.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0.1/netwindercd-3.0.1.iso</a>
+ </pre>
+   <p>
+   <li>Start the emulated DECstation machine like this:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -e 3max -d nbsd_netwinder.img -d netwindercd-3.0.1.iso netbsd-INSTALL.gz</b>
+ </pre>
+   <li>At the <tt>Terminal type? [rcons]</tt> prompt, type <b>CTRL-B</b>
+ to simulate a CTRL-C sent to NetBSD/pmax. Then execute the following commands:
+ <p><table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
+ <b>newfs /dev/sd0c
+ mount /dev/cd0c /mnt
+ mkdir /mnt2; mount /dev/sd0c /mnt2
+ cd /mnt2; sh
+ for a in /mnt/*/binary/sets/*.tgz; do echo $a; tar zxfp $a; done
+ exit
+ cd dev; sh ./MAKEDEV all; cd ../etc
+ echo rc_configured=YES >> rc.conf
+ echo "/dev/wd0c / ffs rw 1 1" > fstab
+ cd /; umount /mnt; umount /mnt2; halt</b>
+ </pre></td></tr></table>
+ </ol>
+ <p>NetBSD/netwinder is now installed on the disk image. The following command
+ line can be used to start NetBSD/netwinder:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -X -E netwinder -d nbsd_netwinder.img netbsd-GENERIC.gz</b>
+ </pre>
+ <p>This will result in a 1024x768 framebuffer. Add <tt>-Y2</tt> to the
+ command line if you want to scale it down to 512x384.
+ <p>Note: The installation instructions above create a filesystem
+ <i>without</i> a disklabel, so there is only one ffs partition and no
+ swap. You will need to enter the following things when booting with the
+ generic kernel:<pre>
+         root device (default wd0a): <b>wd0c</b>
+         dump device (default wd0b): <i>(just press enter)</i>
+         file system (default generic):    <i>(just press enter)</i>
+         init path (default /sbin/init):   <i>(just press enter)</i>
+ </pre>
+ <p>Known bugs/problems:
+ <ul>
+         <li>There is a long delay when starting up NetBSD/netwinder
+                 (several seconds even on a very fast host machine),
+                 so you need to be patient.
+         <li>There is a minor bug in the keyboard device, so you need to
+                 press a key (any key) before typing wd0c.
+         <li>When halting/rebooting NetBSD/netwinder, the emulator
+                 prints a message saying something about an internal
+                 error. This doesn't matter; ignore the message.
+ </ul>
+ <p><br>
+ <a name="netbsdprepinstall"></a>
+ <h3>NetBSD/prep:</h3>
+ It is possible to install and run
+ <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/prep/">NetBSD/prep</a> 2.1 in GXemul
+ on an emulated IBM 6050 (PowerPC) machine. (NetBSD 3.0 uses the wdc
+ controller in a way which isn't implemented in GXemul yet.)
+ <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+ <a href="20051123-netbsd-prep.png"><img src="20051123-netbsd-prep_small.png"></a>
+ <p>To install NetBSD/prep onto a disk image, follow these instructions:
+ <p>
+ <ol start="1">
+   <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
+         that you will install NetBSD/prep onto:<pre>
+     <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_prep.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=1000000</b>
+ </pre>
+   <li>Download the NetBSD/prep 2.1 ISO image and the generic kernel:<pre>
+     <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.1/prepcd.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.1/prepcd.iso</a>
+     <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.1/prep/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.1/prep/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz</a>
+ </pre>
+   <p>
+   <li>Start the installation like this:<pre>
+     <b>gxemul -x -e ibm6050 -d nbsd_prep.img -d rdb:prepcd.iso -j prep/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz</b>
+ </pre>
+   <p>
+   <li>Installation is a bit unsmooth, possibly due to bugs in GXemul,
+         possibly due to bugs in NetBSD itself; others have been having
+         problems on real hardware: <a href="http://mail-index.NetBSD.org/port-prep/2005/11/25/0004.html">http://mail-index.NetBSD.org/port-prep/2005/11/25/0004.html</a>.
+         Creating an MBR slice and a disklabel with sysinst bugs out, so
+         some things have to be done manually:<p>
+         At "<tt>(I)nstall, (S)hell, or (H)alt</tt>", choose
+                 <tt><b><u>s</u></b></tt>.
+         <br><tt># <b><u>fdisk -u wd0</u></b></tt>
+         <br><tt>Do you want to change our idea of what BIOS thinks? [n]</tt>
+                 (just press <b>ENTER</b>)
+         <br><tt>Which partition do you want to change?: [none] <b><u>0</u></b></tt>
+         <br><tt>sysid: ... </tt> (just press <B>ENTER</b>)
+         <br><tt>start: ... <b><u>1cyl</u></b></tt>
+         <br><tt>size: ... </tt> (just press <B>ENTER</b>)
+         <br><tt>Which partition do you want to change?: [none]</tt> (press <b>ENTER</b>)
+         <br><tt>Should we write new partition table? [n] <b><u>y</u></b></tt>
+         <br><tt># <b><u>disklabel -I -i wd0</u></b></tt>
+         <br><tt>partition&gt; <b><u>a</u></b></tt>
+         <br><tt>Filesystem type [?] [unused]: <b><u>4.2BSD</u></b></tt>
+         <br><tt>Start offset ('x' to start after partition 'x') [0c, 0s, 0M]: <b><u>1c</u></b></tt>
+         <br><tt>Partition size ('$' for all remaining) [0c, 0s, 0M]: <b><u>900M</u></b></tt>
+         <br><tt>partition&gt; <b><u>b</u></b></tt>
+         <br><tt>Filesystem type [?] [unused]: <b><u>swap</u></b></tt>
+         <br><tt>Start offset ('x' to start after partition 'x') [0c, 0s, 0M]: <b><u>a</u></b></tt>
+         <br><tt>Partition size ('$' for all remaining) [0c, 0s, 0M]: <b><u>$</u></b></tt>
+         <br><tt>partition&gt; <b><u>W</u></b></tt>
+         <br><tt>Label disk [n]? <b><u>y</u></b></tt>
+         <br><tt>partition&gt; <b><u>Q</u></b></tt>
+         <br><tt># <b><u>newfs wd0a</u></b></tt>
+         <br><tt># <b><u>sysinst</u></b></tt>
+         <br>Choose to install onto <b>wd0</b>. Choose
+                 "<tt>a: Edit the MBR partition table</tt>"
+                 when presented with that option.
+         <br>Choose the 'a' partition/slice,
+                 set the 'e' ("active") and 'f' ("install") fields to <b>Yes</b>,
+                 and then choose "<tt>x: Partition table OK</tt>".
+         <br>Choose "<tt>b: Use existing partition sizes</tt>" in the next
+                 menu.
+         <br>Select partition 'a' and press ENTER. Set field 'k' (mount point)
+                 to '<tt><b>/</b></tt>'.
+         <br>Get out of the partitioner by selecting
+                 "<tt>x: Partition sizes ok</tt>" twice.
+         <br>At "<tt>Write outside MBR partition? [n]:</tt>", just press
+                 <b>ENTER</b>.
+         <br>Install from CD-ROM, device <b>wd1c</b>.
+ </ol>
+ <p>If everything worked, NetBSD should now be installed on the disk image.
+ Use the following command line to boot the emulated machine:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -x -e ibm6050 -d nbsd_prep.img netbsd-GENERIC.gz</b>
+ </pre>
+ <p>When asked which the root device is, type <tt><b>wd0</b></tt> and
+ just press ENTER to select the default values for dump device, file
+ system type, and init path.
+ <p><br>
+ <a name="openbsdpmaxinstall"></a>
+ <h3>OpenBSD/pmax:</h3>
+ Installing <a href="http://www.openbsd.org/pmax.html">OpenBSD/pmax</a> is
+ a bit harder than installing NetBSD/pmax. You should first read the <a
+ href="#netbsdpmaxinstall">section above</a> on how to install NetBSD/pmax,
  before continuing here. If you have never installed OpenBSD on any
- architecture, then you need a great deal of patience to do this.
+ architecture, then you need a great deal of patience to do this. If, on
- If, on the other hand you are used to installing OpenBSD, then
+ the other hand you are used to installing OpenBSD, then this should be no
- this should be no problem for you.
+ problem for you.
+ <p>
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+ <a href="20040710-openbsd-pmax.png"><img src="20040710-openbsd-pmax_small.png"></a>
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+ <a href="openbsd-pmax-20040710.png"><img src="openbsd-pmax-20040710_small.png"></a>
  <p>
  OpenBSD/pmax died at release 2.8 of OpenBSD, so you should be
-Line 456 
 common sense and imagination to modify t
+Line 1206 
 common sense and imagination to modify t
  <ol>
    <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
          that OpenBSD installs itself onto:<pre>
-         $ <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=openbsddisk.img bs=1 count=512 seek=900000000</b>
+         <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=obsd_pmax.img bs=1 count=512 seek=900000000</b>
  </pre>
    <li>Download the entire pmax directory from the ftp server: (approx. 99 MB)<pre>
-         $ <b>wget -r <a href="ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.8/pmax/">ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.8/pmax/</a></b>
+         <b>wget -r <a href="ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.8/pmax/">ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.8/pmax/</a></b>
  </pre>
-   <li>Execute the following commands:<pre>
+   <li>Execute the following commands:
-         $ <b>mv ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.8/pmax/simpleroot28.fs.gz .</b>
+ <p><table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
-         $ <b>gunzip simpleroot28.fs.gz</b>
+ <b>mv ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.8/pmax/simpleroot28.fs.gz .
-         $ <b>chmod +w simpleroot28.fs</b>               &lt;--- make sure
+ gunzip simpleroot28.fs.gz
+ chmod +w simpleroot28.fs</b>            &lt;--- make sure
- </pre>
+ </pre></td></tr></table>
    <li>You now need to make an ISO image of the entire directory you downloaded.
-         I recommend using <b>mkisofs</b> for that purpose. If you don't already
+         (I recommend using <tt>mkisofs</tt> for that purpose. If you don't
-         have mkisofs installed on your system, you need to install that in
+         already have <tt>mkisofs</tt> installed on your system, you need
-         order to do this.<pre>
+         to install it in order to do this.)<pre>
-         $ <b>mkisofs -o openbsd_pmax_2.8.iso ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.8/pmax</b>
+         <b>mkisofs -o openbsd_pmax_2.8.iso ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.8/pmax</b>
+         <b>rm -rf ftp.se.openbsd.org</b>      <i>(this directory is not needed anymore)</i>
  </pre>
    <li>Start the emulator with all three (!) disk images:<pre>
-         $ <b>gxemul -E dec -e 3max -b -d openbsddisk.img -d b:simpleroot28.fs -j bsd -d c:openbsd_pmax_2.8.iso</b>
+         <b>gxemul -e 3max -d obsd_pmax.img -d b:simpleroot28.fs -j bsd -d c:openbsd_pmax_2.8.iso</b>
  </pre>
-         (If you add -X, you will run with the graphical framebuffer. This is <i>REALLY</i> slow
+         (If you add <tt>-X</tt>, you will run with the graphical
-         because the console has to scroll a lot during the install. I don't recommend it.)
+         framebuffer. This is <i>REALLY</i> slow because the console has to
+         scroll a lot during the install. I don't recommend it.)
    <p>
    <li>Go on with the installation as you would do if you were installing on a real machine.
          If you are not used to the OpenBSD installer, then this will most likely
-Line 494 
 common sense and imagination to modify t
+Line 1246 
 common sense and imagination to modify t
            <li>When asked for the "<b>root device?</b>", enter <b>rz1</b>.
            <li>At "<b>Enter pathname of shell or RETURN for sh:</b>", press enter.
            <li>At the # prompt, do the following:<pre>
-         $ <b>fsck /dev/rz1a</b>        (and mark the filesystem as clean)
+         <b>fsck /dev/rz1a</b>        (and mark the filesystem as clean)
-         $ <b>mount /dev/rz1a /</b>
+         <b>mount /dev/rz1a /</b>
-         $ <b>mount -t kernfs kern kern</b>
+         <b>mount -t kernfs kern kern</b>
-         $ <b>./install</b>
+         <b>./install</b>
  </pre>
                  and proceed with the install. Good luck. :-)
-Line 508 
 common sense and imagination to modify t
+Line 1260 
 common sense and imagination to modify t
                  the directory containing the install sets.
          </ul>
    <p>
-   <li>
+   <li>For some unknown reason, the install script does not set the root
- For some unknown reason, the install script does not set the root
+         password! The first time you boot up OpenBSD after the install, you
- password! The first time you boot up OpenBSD after the install, you
+         need to go into single user mode and run <b>passwd root</b> to set
- need to go into single user mode and run <b>passwd root</b> to set
+         the root password, or you will not be able to log in at all!<pre>
- the root password, or you will not be able to log in at all!
+         <b>gxemul -e 3max -d obsd_pmax.img -d 2c:openbsd_pmax_2.8.iso -j bsd -o '-s'</b>
- <pre>
-         $ <b>gxemul -E dec -e 3max -b -d openbsddisk.img -d 2c:openbsd_pmax_2.8.iso -j bsd -o '-s'</b>
  </pre>
  While you are at it, you might want to extract the X11 install sets
  as well, as the installer seems to ignore them too. (Perhaps due to a bug
  in the installer, perhaps because of the way I used mkisofs.)
  <p>
  Execute the following commands in the emulator:
- <pre>
+ <p><table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
-         # <b>fsck /dev/rz0a</b>
+ <b>fsck /dev/rz0a
-         # <b>mount /</b>
+ mount /
-         # <b>passwd root</b>
+ passwd root
-         # <b>cd /</b>
+ cd /; mount -t cd9660 /dev/rz2c /mnt; sh
-         # <b>mount -t cd9660 /dev/rz2c /mnt</b>
+ for a in /mnt/[xX]*; do tar zxvf $a; done
-         # <b>sh</b>
+ ln -s /usr/X11R6/bin/Xcfbpmax /usr/X11R6/bin/X
-         # <b>for a in /mnt/[xX]*; do tar zxvf $a; done</b>
+ ln -s /dev/fb0 /dev/mouse
-         # <b>ln -s /usr/X11R6/bin/Xcfbpmax /usr/X11R6/bin/X</b>
+ echo /usr/X11R6/lib &gt;&gt; /etc/ld.so.conf
-         # <b>ln -s /dev/fb0 /dev/mouse</b>
+ ldconfig
-         # <b>echo /usr/X11R6/lib >> /etc/ld.so.conf</b>
-         # <b>ldconfig</b>
+ sync
+ halt</b>
-         # <b>sync</b>
+ </pre></td></tr></table>
-         # <b>halt</b>
- </pre>
  </ol>
  <p>
-Line 550 
 root password, and so on.
+Line 1298 
 root password, and so on.
  Once you have completed the installation procedure, the following command
  will let you boot from the new rootdisk image:
  <pre>
-         $ <b>gxemul -E dec -e 3max -b -X -M64 -o '-aN' -d openbsddisk.img -j bsd</b>
+         <b>gxemul -e 3max -X -o '-aN' -d obsd_pmax.img -j bsd</b>
  </pre>
  <p>
- OpenBSD/pmax seems to work fine with dynamic binary translation (enabled
+ (Normally, you would be asked about which root device to use (<tt>rz0</tt>),
- by the <b>-b</b> command line option).
+ but using <b><tt>-o '-aN'</tt></b> supresses that.)
  <p>
- (Normally, you would be asked about which root device to use (rz0), but
- using -o '-aN' supresses that.)
- <p>
  When asked for which terminal type to use, when logging in as root,
- enter <b>rcons</b> if you are using the graphical framebuffer,
+ enter <b><tt>rcons</tt></b> if you are using the graphical framebuffer,
- <b>vt100</b> for text-mode.
+ <b><tt>vt100</tt></b> for text-mode.
- <br>Use <b>startx</b> to start X windows.
+ <br>Use <b><tt>startx</tt></b> to start X windows.
-Line 572 
 enter <b>rcons</b> if you are using the
+Line 1320 
 enter <b>rcons</b> if you are using the
  <p><br>
- <a name="openbsdarcinstall"></a>
+ <a name="openbsdcatsinstall"></a>
- <h3>How to install OpenBSD/arc in GXemul:</h3>
+ <h3>OpenBSD/cats:</h3>
- It is possible to run OpenBSD/arc on an emulated Acer PICA-61 in the
+ It is possible to install and run
- emulator.
+ <a href="http://www.openbsd.org/cats.html">OpenBSD/cats</a>
+ in GXemul.
- <p>
+ <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
- (You should be aware of the fact that OpenBSD for the ARC platform died at
+ <a href="20051007-openbsd-cats-installed.png"><img src="20051007-openbsd-cats-installed_small.png"></a>
- release 2.3, so this will not give you an up-to-date OpenBSD system.
- See
- <a href="http://www.openbsd.org/arc.html">http://www.openbsd.org/arc.html</a>
- for more information.)
- <p>
+ <p>To install OpenBSD/cats onto an emulated harddisk image,
- To install OpenBSD/arc onto an emulated harddisk image, follow these
+ follow these instructions:
- instructions:
  <p>
  <ol>
    <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
          that OpenBSD installs itself onto:<pre>
-         $ <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=obsd_arc.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=700000</b>
+         <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=obsd_cats.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=1900000</b>
  </pre>
-   <li>Download the entire arc directory from the ftp server: (approx. 75 MB)<pre>
+   <li>Download the entire cats directory from the ftp server:<pre>
-         $ <b>wget -np -l 0 -r <a href="ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.3/arc/">ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.3/arc/</a></b>
+         <b>wget -np -l 0 -r <a href="ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.9/cats/">ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.9/cats/</a></b>
+         <b>cp ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.9/cats/bsd .</b>
+         <b>cp ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.9/cats/bsd.rd .</b>
  </pre>
+         (Replace ftp.openbsd.org with a server closer to you, for
+         increased download speed.)
+   <p>
    <li>You now need to make an ISO image of the entire directory you downloaded.
-         I recommend using <b>mkisofs</b> for that purpose. If you don't already
+         (I recommend using <tt>mkisofs</tt> for that purpose. If you don't
-         have mkisofs installed on your system, you need to install that in
+         already have <tt>mkisofs</tt> installed on your system, you need
-         order to do this.<pre>
+         to install it in order to do this.)<pre>
-         $ <b>mkisofs -o openbsd_arc_2.3.iso ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/</b>
+         <b>mkisofs -allow-lowercase -o openbsd_cats_3.9.iso ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/</b>
+         <b>rm -rf ftp.openbsd.org</b>      <i>(this directory is not needed anymore)</i>
  </pre>
    <li>Start the emulator using this command line:<pre>
-         $ <b>gxemul -X -b -E arc -e pica -d obsd_arc.img -d openbsd_arc_2.3.iso \
+         <b>gxemul -XEcats -d obsd_cats.img -d openbsd_cats_3.9.iso bsd.rd</b>
-             ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.3/arc/bsd.rd.elf</b>
  </pre>
          and proceed like you would do if you were installing OpenBSD
-         on a real Acer PICA-61. (Answer 'no' when asked if you want to
+         on a real CATS. (Install onto <tt>wd0</tt>, don't configure the
-         configure networking, and then install from CD-ROM.)
+         network, install from CD.)
  </ol>
- <p>
+ <p>(Although it <i>is</i> possible to configure the network, IPv4 address
- Once the install has finished, the following command should let you
+.0.0.1, netmask 255.0.0.0, gateway/default route 10.0.0.254, and
+ nameserver 10.0.0.254, the userland NAT-like networking layer is not
+ stable enough yet to support a full install via ftp.)
+ <p><b>NOTE:</b> Make sure that you <tt>sync</tt> and <tt>reboot</tt>
+ correctly once the installation is finished, or the <tt>/dev</tt> nodes
+ may not have been written correctly to disk.
+ <p>Once the install has finished, the following command should let you
  boot from the harddisk image:
- <p>
- <pre>
+ <p><pre>
-         $ <b>gxemul -X -b -E arc -e pica -d obsd_arc.img ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.3/arc/bsd</b>
+         <b>gxemul -XEcats -d obsd_cats.img bsd</b>
  </pre>
- <p>
- (The <b>-b</b> command line option enables dynamic binary translation,
- which isn't always 100% stable, so if things seem buggy you might want
- to try to remove that from the command line.)
- <!--
  <p><br>
- <a name="openbsdsgiinstall"></a>
+ <a name="ultrixinstall"></a>
- <h3>How to run OpenBSD/sgi in GXemul:</h3>
+ <h3>Ultrix/RISC:</h3>
- <a href="http://www.openbsd.org/sgi.html">OpenBSD/sgi</a>
- can theoretically run in GXemul on an emulated O2 (SGI-IP32) with root on nfs.
- <p>
- <font color="#ff0000">NOTE: I haven't succeeded with this yet.</font>
- <p>
+ Ultrix 4.x can run in GXemul on an emulated DECstation 5000/200.
- <font color="#0000f0">
+ (Ultrix was the native OS for these machines, but
- [&nbsp;2005-02-09: There is no stable release yet of OpenBSD/sgi, but there
+ <a href="#netbsdpmaxinstall">NetBSD/pmax</a> is also usable.)
- are -current snapshots available on ftp sites.&nbsp;]</font>
  <p>
- GXemul does not yet emulate the AHC PCI SCSI controller in the O2, so
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
- another emulated machine must be used as the nfs root server, and the
+ <a href="20040504-ultrix45-boot1.png"><img src="20040504-ultrix45-boot1_small.png"></a>
- emulated O2 machine must boot as a
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
- <a href="http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=diskless&manpath=OpenBSD+Current&format=html">diskless</a>
+ <a href="ultrix4.5-20040706.png"><img src="ultrix4.5-20040706_small.png"></a>
- client. Performing this setup is very time consuming, but necessary.
- <p>
- <ol>
-   <li><a href="#netbsdinstall">Install NetBSD/pmax 1.6.2</a> or some other
-         similar OS inside the emulator. This will be the "nfs server" machine.
-   <p>
-   <li>Configure the nfs server machine to act as an nfs server.<pre>
-         # <b>echo hostname=blahblah &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf</b>
-         # <b>echo ifconfig_le0="inet 10.0.0.2" &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf</b>
-         # <b>echo nameserver 10.0.0.254 &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf</b>
-         # <b>echo 10.0.0.254 &gt; /etc/mygate</b>
-         # <b>mkdir /x; echo /x -maproot=root 10.0.0.1 &gt; /etc/exports</b>
-         # <b>echo rpcbind=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf</b>
-         # <b>echo nfs_server=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf</b>
-         # <b>echo mountd=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf</b>
-         # <b>echo bootparamd=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf</b>
-         # <b>printf "client root=10.0.0.2:/x \\\n swap=10.0.0.2:/x/swap\n" &gt; /etc/bootparams</b>
-         # <b>echo 10.0.0.1 client &gt; /etc/hosts</b>
-         Reboot. Then download the OpenBSD/sgi distribution:
-         # <b>cd /x; ftp -i ftp.se.openbsd.org</b>
-         ...
-         <b>cd pub/OpenBSD/snapshots/sgi</b>
-         <b>mget *</b>
-         # <b>sh</b>
-         # <b>for a in base* etc* misc*; do tar vzxfp $a; done</b>
-         # <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=swap bs=1024 count=16384</b>
- </pre>
-   <p>
-   <li>Create a configuration file along these lines:<pre>
-         <font color="#2020cf">!!gxemul
-         !
-         !  Configuration file for running OpenBSD/sgi diskless with
-         !  a NetBSD/pmax machine as the nfs server.
-         !
-         !  Change the filenames to suit your setup.</font>
-         <b>emul(
-             net()
-             machine(
-                 name("client machine")
-                 type("sgi")
-                 subtype("ip32")
-                 bintrans(yes)
-                 load("openbsd-sgi-20050202-bsd")
-                 start_paused(yes)
-             )
-             machine(
-                 name("nfs server")
-                 type("dec")
-                 subtype("5000/200")
-                 bintrans(yes)
-                 disk("nbsd_pmax.img")
-             )
-         )</b>
- </pre>
-   <li>Boot the nfs server and the OpenBSD/sgi client machine like this:<pre>
-         $ <b>gxemul @myconf</b>
- </pre>
-         You might want to log in as root on the server machine, and
-         run <b>tcpdump -lnvv</b> or similar, to see that what the client
-         machine actually does on the network.
-         <p>
-         The OpenBSD box ("client machine") will be paused, so when you
-         are ready to unpause it, press CTRL-C in the main GXemul
-         window and use the <b>focus</b> and <b>pause</b> commands to
-         unpause the main CPU in that machine, and then <b>continue</b>
-         to resume execution.
-         <p>
-         When asked for "root device :", enter <b>mec0</b>.
- </ol>
  <p>
- TODO...
+ The following instructions should let you install Ultrix onto a disk image:
- -->
- <p><br>
- <a name="ultrixinstall"></a>
- <h3>How to install Ultrix/RISC in GXemul:</h3>
- The following instructions should guide you through an install of Ultrix
- onto a disk image:
  <ol>
    <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
          that Ultrix installs itself onto:<pre>
-         $ <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=rootdisk.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=800000</b>
+         <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=rootdisk.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=800000</b>
  </pre>
-   <li>Place your Ultrix installation media in your CDROM drive. (I'm assuming
+   <li>Place your Ultrix installation media in your CDROM drive.
-         it is called /dev/cd0c here, replace that with the name of your
+         (On FreeBSD and similar systems, it is called <tt>/dev/cd0c</tt>.
-         CDROM drive, or the name of a .iso image file.)
+         Replace that with the name of your CDROM drive, or the name of a
-         Then, start the emulator like this:<pre>
+         .iso image file.) Then, start the emulator like this:<pre>
-         $ <b>gxemul -X -b -M64 -E dec -e 3max -d rootdisk.img -d bc:/dev/cd0c -j vmunix</b>
+         <b>gxemul -X -e 3max -d rootdisk.img -d bc:/dev/cd0c -j vmunix</b>
  </pre>
    <li>Once the first stage of the installation is done (restoring the root
          filesystem), you need to restart the emulator, booting from the
          new rootdisk, to continue the installation process.
-         This is done by removing the bootflag ('b') from the second
+         This is done by removing the bootflag ('<tt>b</tt>') from the second
          diskimage argument:<pre>
-         $ <b>gxemul -X -b -M64 -E dec -e 3max -d rootdisk.img -d c:/dev/cd0c -j vmunix</b>
+         <b>gxemul -X -e 3max -d rootdisk.img -d c:/dev/cd0c -j vmunix</b>
  </pre>
  </ol>
-Line 781 
 onto a disk image:
+Line 1432 
 onto a disk image:
  <p>
  When the installation is completed, the following command should start
  Ultrix from the harddisk image:<pre>
-         $ <b>gxemul -X -b -M64 -E dec -e 3max -j vmunix -d rootdisk.img</b>
+         <b>gxemul -X -e 3max -j vmunix -d rootdisk.img</b>
  </pre>
+ <p>If you have a very fast host machine, you might experience a weird
+ timer related bug, which makes it impossible to logon to the system. It is
+ triggered when the emulation goes faster than any real DECstation machine
+ was capable of running. A temporary workaround is to add
+ <b><tt>-I33000000</tt></b> to fix the emulated clock speed to 33 million
+ instructions per emulated second. (When using <tt><b>-CR4400</b></tt>,
+ <b><tt>-I16000000</tt></b> should be used instead.)
  <p>
- Ultrix mostly seems to work with dynamic binary translation (enabled by
+ You can experiment with adding <b><tt>-Z2</tt></b> (for emulating a
- the <b>-b</b> command line option). If you have a very fast
+ dual-headed workstation) or even <b><tt>-Z3</tt></b> (tripple-headed), and
- host machine, and use bintrans, you might experience a weird timer related
+ also the <b><tt>-Y2</tt></b> option for scaling down the framebuffer
- bug, which makes it impossible to logon to the system. It is triggered
+ windows by a factor 2x2.
- when the emulation goes faster than any real DECstation machine was
+ There is also a <b><tt>-z</tt></b> option for supplying names of X11
- capable of running. A temporary workaround is to add <b>-I33000000</b>
+ displays to use. The following example starts Ultrix on an emulated
- to fix the emulated clock speed to 33 million instructions per emulated
+ tripple-headed workstation, on three different displays (<tt>remote1:0.0</tt>,
- second. (When using -CR4400, -I16000000 should be used instead.)
+ <tt>localhost:0.0</tt>, and <tt>remote2:0.0</tt>), using no scaledown:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -N -e 3max -jgenvmunix -d rootdisk.img \
- <p>
+             -XZ3 -z remote1:0.0 -z localhost:0.0 -z remote2:0.0</b>
- You can experiment with adding <b>-Z2</b> (for emulating a
- dual-headed workstation) or even <b>-Z3</b> (tripple-headed), and also the
- <b>-Y2</b> option for scaling down the framebuffer windows by a factor 2x2.
- There is also a <b>-z</b> option for supplying names of X11 displays to
- use. The following example starts Ultrix on an emulated tripple-headed
- workstation, on three different displays (remote1:0.0, localhost:0.0, and
- remote2:0.0), using no scaledown:<pre>
-         $ <b>gxemul -M64 -bN -E dec -e 3max -jgenvmunix -d rootdisk.img \
-             -XZ3 -z remote1:0.0 -z localhost -z remote2:0.0</b>
  </pre>
  <p>
+ The photo below shows a single Ultrix session running tripple-headed in
+ GXemul on an Alpha 21164PC, with displays on a Sun Ultra1 (to the left),
+ on the Alpha itself (in the middle), and on an HP700/RX X-terminal (8-bit
+ color depth, running off the Alpha) to the right.
+ <p>
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+ <a href="20041209-ultrix-tripplehead.jpg"><img src="20041209-ultrix-tripplehead_small.jpg"></a>
+ <p>
  The X11 displays may differ in bit depth and endianness. Unfortunately,
  there is no way yet to set the scaledown factor on a per-window basis, so
  the scaledown factor affects all windows.
  <p>
- (If you didn't use -Z<i>n</i> during the installation, and
+ (If you didn't use <tt><b>-Z<i>n</i></b></tt> during the installation, and
- compiled your own /vmunix, then it will not contain support for multiple
+ compiled your own <tt>/vmunix</tt>, then it will not contain support for
- graphics cards. To overcome this problem, use the generic kernel, <b>-j
+ multiple graphics cards. To overcome this problem, use the generic kernel,
- genvmunix</b>, whenever you are running the emulator with a different
+ <tt><b>-j genvmunix</b></tt>, whenever you are running the emulator with a
- setup than the one you used when Ultrix was installed.)
+ different setup than the one you used when Ultrix was installed.)
  <p>
- A note for the historically interested out there:
+ A note for the historically interested: OSF/1 for MIPS was quite similar
- OSF/1 for MIPS is quite similar to Ultrix, so that is possible to run
+ to Ultrix, so that is possible to run as well.  If you are unsuccessful
- as well.  If you are unsuccessful in installing Ultrix
+ in installing Ultrix or OSF/1 directly in the emulator, you can always
- or OSF/1 directly in the emulator, you can always install it on your real
+ install it on your real machine onto a real SCSI disk, and then copy the
- machine onto a real SCSI disk, and then copy the contents of that SCSI
+ contents of that SCSI disk into a file (using <b><tt>dd(1)</tt></b>), and use
- disk into a file (using <b>dd(1)</b>), and use that file as a disk image
+ that file as a disk image file in the emulator.
- file in the emulator.
-Line 834 
 file in the emulator.
+Line 1493 
 file in the emulator.
  <p><br>
  <a name="sprite"></a>
- <h3>How to run Sprite for DECstation in GXemul:</h3>
+ <h3>Sprite for DECstation:</h3>
  Sprite was a research operating system at the University of Berkeley.
  The Unix Heritage Society (TUHS, <a href="http://www.tuhs.org">www.tuhs.org</a>)
-Line 844 
 If you want to find out more about Sprit
+Line 1503 
 If you want to find out more about Sprit
  http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/sprite/retrospective.html</a>.
  <p>
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+ <a href="20040711-sprite-1.png"><img src="20040711-sprite-1_small.png"></a>
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+ <a href="sprite-20040711.png"><img src="sprite-20040711_small.png"></a>
+ <p>
  The following instructions should let you run Sprite in the emulator:
  <p>
  <ol>
-   <li>Download the Sprite harddisk image using ftp or http:<pre>
+   <li>Download the Sprite harddisk image:<pre>
-         <a href="http://www.es.embnet.org/Services/ftp/misc/TUHS/other_os/Sprite/">http://www.es.embnet.org/Services/ftp/misc/TUHS/other_os/Sprite</a>/<a href="http://www.es.embnet.org/Services/ftp/misc/TUHS/other_os/Sprite/ds5000.bt">ds5000.bt</a>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.es.embnet.org/pub/misc/TUHS/other_os/Sprite/ds5000.bt">ftp://ftp.es.embnet.org/pub/misc/TUHS/other_os/Sprite/ds5000.bt</a>
-         or <a href="ftp://ftp.es.embnet.org/misc/TUHS/other_os/Sprite/ds5000.bt">ftp://ftp.es.embnet.org/misc/TUHS/other_os/Sprite/ds5000.bt</a>
          83973120 bytes, MD5 = ec84eeeb20fe77b758370d5e312e4a5e
  </pre>
    <li>Start the emulator with the following command line:<pre>
-         $ <b>gxemul -X -b -E dec -e 3max -M128 -d ds5000.bt -j vmsprite -o ''</b>
+         <b>gxemul -X -e 3max -M128 -d ds5000.bt -j vmsprite -o ''</b>
  </pre>
  </ol>
-Line 867 
 values, then you should use the followin
+Line 1531 
 values, then you should use the followin
  <p>
  <pre>
-     Your machine's Ethernet address:    10:20:30:40:50:60
+     Your machine's Ethernet address:    10:20:30:00:00:10
      Your machine's IP:                  10.0.0.1
      Subnet mask:                        0xff000000
      Gateway's Ethernet address:         60:50:40:30:20:10
-Line 875 
 values, then you should use the followin
+Line 1539 
 values, then you should use the followin
  </pre>
  <p>
- Unfortunately, at the end of <a href="http://www.es.embnet.org/Services/ftp/misc/TUHS/other_os/Sprite/boot.txt">
+ Unfortunately, at the end of <a href="ftp://ftp.es.embnet.org/pub/misc/TUHS/other_os/Sprite/boot.txt">ftp://ftp.es.embnet.org/pub/misc/TUHS/other_os/Sprite/boot.txt</a>,
- http://www.es.embnet.org/Services/ftp/misc/TUHS/other_os/Sprite/boot.txt</a>, the
+ the following sad statement can be found:
- following sad statement can be found:
  <pre>
      The bootable Sprite image is meant to be a demonstration of Sprite, not
      a robust Sprite system.  There are several missing things, such as
      floating point and network support.
  </pre>
- <p>
+ <p>Once you are logged in as root, running <b><tt>xinit</tt></b> will
- Once you are logged in as root, running <b>xinit</b> will start the X11
+ start the X11 environment.
- environment.
- <p>
- Sprite works fine with dynamic binary translation (enabled by
- adding <b>-b</b> to the command line options).
-Line 898 
 adding <b>-b</b> to the command line opt
+Line 1557 
 adding <b>-b</b> to the command line opt
  <p><br>
  <a name="declinux"></a>
- <h3>How to install Debian GNU/Linux for DECstation in GXemul:</h3>
+ <h3>Debian GNU/Linux for DECstation:</h3>
- <p>
+ It is possible to run Debian GNU/Linux for DECstation in the emulator,
- <font color="#ff0000">NOTE: This is experimental, and <i>extremely</i>
+ on an emulated 5000/200 ("3max"). Although the Debian project has released
- unstable. During my tests, even pressing the wrong key during the install
+ install ramdisk kernels for this purpose, these do not always work:
- (for example the wrong cursor key) can cause a kernel Oops.
+ <ul>
- I <i>think</i> this has to do with interrupts from the serial controller.
+   <li>Serial console output doesn't work too well in GXemul. Linux
- Hopefully using the -U command line option will reduce the risk for such
+         oopses randomly, which may be due to bugs in GXemul, but may
- crashes. (I haven't had time to come up with a clean solution to this yet;
+         also be due to bugs in the serial controller code in Linux.
- it feels like a buffer overflow in Linux' serial driver for the 5000/200,
+         (The speed at which serial interrupts are generated can be
- but it is also likely that it is a bug in GXemul.)
+         lowered with the <tt>-U</tt> command line option, but it only
- </font>
+         reduces the risk, it doesn't take away the oopses completely.)
+   <li>Old install kernels supported the graphical framebuffer on the
+max, but not the keyboard.
+   <li>For quite some time, the MIPS linux cvs tree had support for the
+         keyboard, but it did <i>not</i> include Debian's patches for
+         networking. (Perhaps this has been fixed now, I don't know.)
+ </ul>
+ <p>David Muse has made available a precompiled install kernel which
+ has support for framebuffer, keyboard, and networking, which works
+ pretty well. Thanks David. :-)
  <p>
  The following steps should let you install Debian GNU/Linux for DECstation
-Line 919 
 onto a harddisk image:
+Line 1588 
 onto a harddisk image:
  <ol>
    <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
          that Debian installs itself onto:<pre>
-         $ <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=debian.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=2000000</b>
+         <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=debian_pmax.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=3300000</b>
  </pre>
-   <li>Download an install kernel:<pre>
+   <li>Download David Muse' install kernel, and a Debian Netinstall CD-ROM:<pre>
-         <a href="http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/testing/main/installer-mipsel/current/images/r3k-kn02/boot.img">http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/testing/main/</a>
+         <a href="http://www.firstworks.com/mips-linux-2.4.31/vmlinux-2.4.31">http://www.firstworks.com/mips-linux-2.4.31/vmlinux-2.4.31</a>
-             <a href="http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/testing/main/installer-mipsel/current/images/r3k-kn02/boot.img">installer-mipsel/current/images/r3k-kn02/boot.img</a>
+         <a href="http://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/3.1_r0a/mipsel/iso-cd/debian-31r0a-mipsel-netinst.iso">http://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/3.1_r0a/mipsel/iso-cd/debian-31r0a-mipsel-netinst.iso</a>
-         or
-         <a href="http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/main/installer-mipsel/current/images/r3k-kn02/boot.img">http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/main/</a>
-             <a href="http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/main/installer-mipsel/current/images/r3k-kn02/boot.img">installer-mipsel/current/images/r3k-kn02/boot.img</a>
  </pre>
-         depending on whether you want to install Debian "Testing" or
-         "Unstable".
    <p>
-   <li>For a text-mode installation, start the emulator like this:<pre>
+   <li>Start the installation like this:<pre>
-         $ <b>gxemul -E dec -e 3max -b -U -M64 -o 'console=ttyS3' -d debian.img -O boot.img</b>
+         <b>gxemul -X -e3max -d debian_pmax.img -d debian-31r0a-mipsel-netinst.iso vmlinux-2.4.31</b>
  </pre>
- </ol>
- <p>
+         <p>If everything goes well, you will see Linux' boot messages, and then
- Debian GNU/Linux on DECstation works reasonably fine with dynamic
+         arrive at the language chooser.
- binary translation, enabled by the <b>-b</b> command line option. (Without
- this option, the emulator might be less buggy, but also too slow to be
- useful when running Linux as a guest OS.)
  <p>
- (If you want to, you can try <b>-X</b> instead of <b>-o 'console=ttyS3'</b> on
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-1.png"><img src="debian-1-small.png"></a>
- the command line. This will cause Linux to use the graphical framebuffer.
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-2.png"><img src="debian-2-small.png"></a>
- Unfortunately, Linux does not seem to have a driver for the DZ11 keyboard
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-3.png"><img src="debian-3-small.png"></a>
- controller yet, so you cannot interact with the system. You will see the
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-4.png"><img src="debian-4-small.png"></a>
- penguin in the upper lefthand corner while booting, and nicely rendered Unicode
- characters, but that's about it.)
- <p>
+         <p>There will be a warning about the keyboard
- You need to enter some values during the installation procedure, for example
+         layout. Don't mind this. Continue, and then select <b>Detect
- network settings. The following should work:
+         and mount CD-ROM</b> in the next menu.
- <p>
- <pre>
-     DHCP:                       No, choose "Configure network manually"
-     IP address:                 10.0.0.1
-     Netmask:                    255.0.0.0
-     Gateway:                    10.0.0.254
-     Name server addresses:      10.0.0.254
- </pre>
  <p>
- <ol start="4">
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-5.png"><img src="debian-5-small.png"></a>
-   <li>Once the first phase of the install has finished, the following command
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-6.png"><img src="debian-6-small.png"></a>
-         should let you boot into Debian, and perform post-install
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-7.png"><img src="debian-7-small.png"></a>
-         configuration:<pre>
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-8.png"><img src="debian-8-small.png"></a>
-         $ <b>gxemul -E dec -e 3max -U -b -M64 -o 'console=ttyS3' -d debian.img</b>
+         <p>
+         There will also be a warning about lack of loadable modules. Don't
+         mind this either, continue anyway by choosing <b>Yes</b>.
+         <p>
+         When you reach the network configuration part of the install, choose
+         <b>Configure network manually</b> and enter the following values:<pre>
+         IP address:                 <b>10.0.0.1</b>
+         Netmask:                    <b>255.0.0.0</b>
+         Gateway:                    <b>10.0.0.254</b>
+         Name server addresses:      <b>10.0.0.254</b>
  </pre>
- </ol>
+         <p>Choose <b>Erase entire disk</b> in the partitioner.
- <p>
+         <p>Wait for the base system to be installed. This takes almost forever,
- It seems that there's a problem with getting a login prompt on serial
+         so you can go fetch several <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolt_Cola">Jolts</a>
- console (at least when I've done test installs), so when the installation
+         or cups of coffee in the meanwhile.
- is finished and you're supposed to get a login prompt, you need to press
- CTRL-C and type <b>quit</b>, and then:
  <p>
- <ol start="5">
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-9.png"><img src="debian-9-small.png"></a>
-   <li>Download a normal kernel (<i>not</i> a RAMDISK kernel):<pre>
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-10.png"><img src="debian-10-small.png"></a>
-         <a href="http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/testing/main/installer-mipsel/current/images/cdrom/vmlinux-2.4.27-r3k-kn02">http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/testing/main/</a>
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-11.png"><img src="debian-11-small.png"></a>
-          <a href="http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/testing/main/installer-mipsel/current/images/cdrom/vmlinux-2.4.27-r3k-kn02">installer-mipsel/current/images/cdrom/vmlinux-2.4.27-r3k-kn02</a>
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-12.png"><img src="debian-12-small.png"></a>
- </pre>
+         <p>Congratulations! The first phase of the installation is now completed.
-   <li>Boot Debian using the following command line:<pre>
+         Reboot using the following command line:<pre>
-         $ <b>gxemul -E dec -e 3max -U -b -M64 -o \
+         <b>gxemul -X -e3max -o 'root=/dev/sda1' -d debian_pmax.img vmlinux-2.4.31</b>
-             'console=ttyS3 root=/dev/sda1 rw init=/bin/sh' \
-             -d debian.img vmlinux-2.4.27-r3k-kn02</b>
  </pre>
-         You'll enter single-user mode. You need to add a line to
+         <p>The post-install step takes quite some time as well. A perfect opportunity
-         /etc/inittab, to enable logins via serial console.<pre>
+         for more coffee.
-         sh-2.05b# <b>echo 'T3:23:respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS3 9600 vt100' >> /etc/inittab</b>
-         sh-2.05b# <b>echo 'ttyS3' >> /etc/securetty</b>
-         sh-2.05b# <b>sync; umount /</b>
- </pre>
- </ol>
- <p>
+         <p>When asked about "Apt configuration", choose <b>http</b> as the method
- The system should now be ready for everyday use.
+         to use for accessing the Debian archive.
  <p>
- Use this command to boot from the completely installed disk image:<pre>
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-13.png"><img src="debian-13-small.png"></a>
-         $ <b>gxemul -E dec -e 3max -U -b -M64 -o 'console=ttyS3' -d debian.img</b>
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-14.png"><img src="debian-14-small.png"></a>
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-15.png"><img src="debian-15-small.png"></a>
+         <p>Downloading the packages takes almost forever. Be patient.
+         <p>Congratulations (again)! You are now fully done with the installation.
+ </ol>
+ <p><br>Debian GNU/Linux for DECstation is now installed and ready to be used.
+ Use this command to boot from the installed disk image:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -X -e3max -o 'root=/dev/sda1' -d debian_pmax.img vmlinux-2.4.31</b>
  </pre>
- <p>
- [&nbsp;<font color="#ff0000">UPDATE 2005-01-19:</font>&nbsp;
- Kaj-Michael Lang noticed that the current CVS-version of
- <a href="http://www.linux-mips.org/">linux-mips</a> has
- support for keyboards now, on DECstation 5000/200, so it is
- possible to run Debian GNU/Linux with framebuffer/keyboard.
- (Add -X (or -XY2) and remove the console=ttyS3 option.)
- He has made a kernel available here:
- <a href="http://home.tal.org/~milang/o2/patches/vmlinux-2.4.29-rc2-r3k-mipsel-decstation">
- http://home.tal.org/~milang/o2/patches/vmlinux-2.4.29-rc2-r3k-mipsel-decstation</a>
- It has other problems (ethernet doesn't seem to work, for
- example), but at least it doesn't Oops that often.&nbsp;]
-Line 1031 
 example), but at least it doesn't Oops t
+Line 1680 
 example), but at least it doesn't Oops t
  <p><br>
  <a name="declinuxredhat"></a>
- <h3>How to run Redhat Linux for DECstation in GXemul:</h3>
+ <h3>Redhat Linux for DECstation:</h3>
- <p>
- <font color="#ff0000">NOTE: This is experimental, and <i>extremely</i>
- unstable. Read the note about '-U' in the section on how to install
- Debian.
- </font>
+ <p>
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+ <a href="20041129-redhat_mips.png"><img src="20041129-redhat_mips_small.png"></a>
  <p>
  The following steps should let you run Redhat Linux for DECstation in GXemul:
  <p>
  <ol>
-   <li>Download a kernel. This is a Debian kernel, but it works fine:<pre>
+   <li>Download a kernel. David Muse' Debian-install kernel works fine:<pre>
-         <a href="http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/testing/main/installer-mipsel/current/images/cdrom/vmlinux-2.4.27-r3k-kn02">http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/testing/main/</a>
+         <a href="http://www.firstworks.com/mips-linux-2.4.31/vmlinux-2.4.31">http://www.firstworks.com/mips-linux-2.4.31/vmlinux-2.4.31</a>
-          <a href="http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/testing/main/installer-mipsel/current/images/cdrom/vmlinux-2.4.27-r3k-kn02">installer-mipsel/current/images/cdrom/vmlinux-2.4.27-r3k-kn02</a>
  </pre>
    <li>Download a root filesystem tree:<pre>
-Line 1056 
 The following steps should let you run R
+Line 1702 
 The following steps should let you run R
          19486676 bytes, md5 = 5bcb725c90209479cd7ead8ad0c4a414
  </pre>
-   <li>This is the tricky part: Create an ext2 filesystem image called redhat.img using
+   <li>Create a disk image which will contain the Redhat filesystem:<pre>
-         the filesystem tree you just downloaded. The disk image should have a MS-DOS
+         <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=redhat_mips.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=2000000</b>
-         partition table (!), and then one or more ext2 partitions.
-         (Use loopback mount, or similar. This is probably easiest to do on a Linux host.)
+ </pre>
-         However, in order to actually boot the system you need to modify /etc/fstab.
+   <li>This is the tricky part: on redhat_mips.img, you need to create an MS-DOS
+         (!) partition table, and then an ext2 partition. This is what Linux
+         will then see as /dev/sda1.
+         <p>I recommend you run fdisk and mke2fs and untar the archive from within
+         Debian/DECstation or <a href="#debiancats">Debian/CATS</a> running
+         inside the emulator. (Alternatively, if you are on a Linux host,
+         you could use a loopback mount, or similar. This might require
+         root access. See e.g.
+         <a href="http://www.mega-tokyo.com/osfaq2/index.php/Disk%20Images%20Under%20Linux">http://www.mega-tokyo.com/osfaq2/index.php/Disk%20Images%20Under%20Linux</a>.)
+         <p>
+         In order to actually boot the system you need to modify /etc/fstab.
          Change<pre>
          /dev/root               /               nfs     defaults        1 1
          #/dev/sdc1              /               ext2    defaults        1 1
-Line 1074 
 The following steps should let you run R
+Line 1730 
 The following steps should let you run R
          none                    /dev/pts        devpts  mode=0622       0 0
  </pre>(Note sda1 instead of sdc1.)
-   <p>
-   <li>To boot Linux, start the emulator like this:<pre>
-         $ <b>gxemul -E dec -e 3max -U -b -M128 -o \
-             "console=ttyS3 root=/dev/sda1 ro" -d redhat.img vmlinux-2.4.27-r3k-kn02</b>
- </pre>
  </ol>
- <p>
+ <p>To boot Redhat linux from the disk image, use the following command line:<pre>
- If you need to boot into single user mode, try the following:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -X -e3max -o "root=/dev/sda1 ro" -d redhat_mips.img vmlinux-2.4.31</b>
-         $ <b>gxemul -E dec -e 3max -U -b -o "console=ttyS3 root=/dev/sda1 rw init=/bin/sh" \
-             -d redhat.img vmlinux-2.4.27-r3k-kn02</b>
  </pre>
+ If you need to boot into single user mode, change options to
+ <tt><b>-o "root=/dev/sda1 rw init=/bin/sh"</b></tt>.
- <p>
- Redhat Linux on DECstation in R3000 mode should work fine with dynamic binary
- translation (enabled by the <b>-b</b> command line option).
- <p>
- NOTE: You can add <b>-X</b> and remove <b>console=ttyS3</b> from the command
- line, if you want to use a graphical framebuffer. Unfortunately, Linux
- doesn't have support for keyboards on DECstation 5000/200 yet, so you cannot
- actually interact with the sytem. :-(
- <p>
- [&nbsp;<font color="#ff0000">UPDATE 2005-01-22:</font>&nbsp;
- Read the 2005-01-19 update in the Debian section above, and then, if
- you do not need ethernet support, try Kaj-Michael Lang's kernel compiled
- from <a href="http://www.linux-mips.org/">linux-mips</a>' CVS.
+ <p><br>
- <a href="http://home.tal.org/~milang/o2/patches/vmlinux-2.4.29-rc2-r3k-mipsel-decstation">
+ <hr>
- http://home.tal.org/~milang/o2/patches/vmlinux-2.4.29-rc2-r3k-mipsel-decstation</a>
- It should work with framebuffer/keyboard.&nbsp;]
-Line 1115 
 It should work with framebuffer/keyboard
+Line 1756 
 It should work with framebuffer/keyboard
  <p><br>
  <a name="mach"></a>
- <h3>How to run Mach/PMAX in GXemul:</h3>
+ <h3>Mach/PMAX:</h3>
- <p>
  Read the following link if you want to know more about Mach in general:
  <a href="http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/mach/public/www/mach.html">
  http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/mach/public/www/mach.html</a>
-Line 1130 
 installation instructions are preliminar
+Line 1770 
 installation instructions are preliminar
  </font>
  <p>
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+ <a href="20041018-mach_pmax.png"><img src="20041018-mach_pmax_small.png"></a>
+ <p>
  The following steps should let you experiment with running Mach
  for DECstation in the emulator:
  <p>
  <ol>
    <li>Compile gxemul with cache emulation: (<b>NOTE: --enable-caches</b>)<pre>
-         $ <b>./configure --enable-caches; make</b>
+         <b>./configure --enable-caches; make</b>
  </pre>
    <li>Download the pmax binary distribution for Mach 3.0:<pre>
-         <a href="http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/athena/user/d/a/daveg/Info/Links/Mach/src/release/pmax.tar.Z">http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/athena/user/d/a/daveg/Info/Links/Mach/src/release/pmax.tar.Z</a>
+         <a href="http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/athena/user/d/a/daveg/Info/Links/Mach/src/release/pmax.tar.Z">http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/athena/user/d/a/</a>
+             <a href="http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/athena/user/d/a/daveg/Info/Links/Mach/src/release/pmax.tar.Z">daveg/Info/Links/Mach/src/release/pmax.tar.Z</a>
          7263343 bytes, md5 = f9d76c240a6e169921a1df99ad560cc0
  </pre>
    <li>Extract the Mach kernel:<pre>
-         $ <b>tar xfvz pmax.tar.Z pmax_mach/special/mach.boot.MK83.STD+ANY</b>
+         <b>tar xfvz pmax.tar.Z pmax_mach/special/mach.boot.MK83.STD+ANY</b>
  </pre>
    <li>Create an empty disk image:<pre>
-         $ <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=disk.img bs=1 count=512 seek=400000000</b>
+         <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=disk.img bs=1 count=512 seek=400000000</b>
  </pre>
    <li>Load the contents of pmax.tar.Z onto the disk image. This is
-Line 1166 
 for DECstation in the emulator:
+Line 1811 
 for DECstation in the emulator:
          cd /; sync; umount /mnt</i>)
          <p>
    <li>Start the emulator with the following command:<pre>
-         $ <b>gxemul -E dec -e 3max -X -d disk.img \
+         <b>gxemul -e 3max -X -d disk.img \
              pmax_mach/special/mach.boot.MK83.STD+ANY</b>
  </pre>
-Line 1174 
 for DECstation in the emulator:
+Line 1819 
 for DECstation in the emulator:
+ <p><br>
+ <a name="openbsdsgiinstall"></a>
+ <h3>OpenBSD/sgi:</h3>
+ <a href="http://www.openbsd.org/sgi.html">OpenBSD/sgi</a>
+ can (almost) run in GXemul on an emulated O2 (SGI-IP32) with root on nfs.
+ <p>
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+ <a href="20050617-openbsd-sgi.png"><img src="20050617-openbsd-sgi_small.png"></a>
+ <p><font color="#ff0000">NOTE: I haven't succeeded all the way with
+ this yet, and this shows/triggers many bugs in the emulator, but some of
+ it works.</font>
+ <p>GXemul does not yet emulate the AHC PCI SCSI controller in the O2. (I have
+ mailed Adaptec several times, asking for documentation, but never received
+ any reply.) OpenBSD/sgi can still run in the emulator, as long as it doesn't
+ use SCSI. For a simple test with the ramdisk (install) kernel, try dowloading<pre>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.9/sgi/">ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.9/sgi</a>/<a href="ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.9/sgi/bsd.rd">bsd.rd</a>
+ </pre>and run <b><tt>gxemul -xeo2 bsd.rd</tt></b>.
+ <p>It might also be possible to netboot. Another emulated machine must
+ then be used as the nfs root server, and the emulated O2 machine must boot
+ as a <a href="http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=diskless&amp;manpath=OpenBSD+Current&amp;format=html">diskless</a>
+ client. Performing this setup is quite time consuming, but necessary:
+ <p>
+ <ol>
+   <li>First of all, the "<tt>nfs server</tt>" machine must be set up.
+         This needs to have a 800 MB <tt>/tftpboot</tt> partition.
+         <a href="#netbsdpmaxinstall">Install NetBSD/pmax 3.0.1 from CDROM</a>.
+         (Don't forget to add the extra partition!)
+   <p>
+   <li>Configure the nfs server machine to act as an nfs server.
+         Start up the emulated DECstation:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -e 3max -d nbsd_pmax.img</b>
+ </pre>and enter the following commands as <tt>root</tt>
+         inside the emulator:
+ <table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
+ <b>echo hostname=server &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
+ echo ifconfig_le0=\"inet 10.0.0.2\" &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
+ echo nameserver 10.0.0.254 &gt;&gt; /etc/resolv.conf
+ echo 10.0.0.254 &gt; /etc/mygate
+ echo /tftpboot -maproot=root 10.0.0.1 &gt; /etc/exports
+ echo rpcbind=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
+ echo nfs_server=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
+ echo mountd=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
+ echo bootparamd=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
+ printf "client root=10.0.0.2:/tftpboot \\\n swap=10.0.0.2:/tftpboot/swap\n" &gt; /etc/bootparams
+ echo "10:20:30:00:00:10 client" &gt; /etc/ethers
+ echo 10.0.0.1 client &gt; /etc/hosts
+ reboot</b>
+ </pre></td></tr></table>
+   <li>Start the DECstation emulation again, and enter the following
+         commands to download the OpenBSD/sgi distribution:<br>(NOTE: This
+         takes quite some time, even if you have a fast network connection.)
+ <table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
+ <b>cd /tftpboot; ftp -i ftp.se.openbsd.org</b>
+ (log in as anonymous...)
+ <b>cd pub/OpenBSD/3.9/sgi
+ mget b*tgz c*tgz e* g* m*
+ quit
+ sh
+ for a in *.tgz; do echo $a; tar zxfp $a; done
+ echo 10.0.0.2:/tftpboot / nfs rw 0 0 &gt; /tftpboot/etc/fstab
+ rm *.tgz
+ dd if=/dev/zero of=swap bs=1024 count=32768
+ halt</b>
+ </pre></td></tr></table>
+   <li>Download the OpenBSD/sgi GENERIC and RAMDISK kernels:<pre>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.9/sgi/bsd">ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.9/sgi/bsd</a>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.9/sgi/bsd.rd">ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.9/sgi/bsd.rd</a>
+ </pre>
+   <li>Create a configuration file called <tt>config_client</tt>:
+ <table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
+ <font color="#2020cf">!  Configuration file for running OpenBSD/sgi diskless with
+ !  a NetBSD/pmax machine as the nfs server.
+ !
+ !  This config file is for the client.</font>
+ <b>    net(
+         add_remote("localhost:12444")   </b>! the server<b>
+         local_port(12445)               </b>! the client<b>
+     )
+     machine(
+         name("client machine")
+         serial_nr(1)
+         type("sgi")
+         subtype("o2")
+         </b>! load("bsd")<b>
+         load("bsd.rd")
+     )
+ </b>
+ </pre></td></tr></table>
+         ... and another configuration file for the server,
+         <tt>config_server</tt>:
+ <table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
+ <b>    net(
+         local_port(12444)               </b>! the server<b>
+         add_remote("localhost:12445")   </b>! the client<b>
+     )
+     machine(
+         name("nfs server")
+         serial_nr(2)
+         type("dec")
+         subtype("5000/200")
+         disk("nbsd_pmax.img")
+     )
+ </b>
+ </pre></td></tr></table>
+   <li>Boot the "<tt>nfs server</tt>" and the OpenBSD/sgi
+         "<tt>client machine</tt>" as two separate emulator instances:<pre>
+         in one xterm:
+         <b>gxemul @config_server</b>
+         and then, in another xterm:
+         <b>gxemul @config_client</b>
+ </pre>
+   <li>In the OpenBSD/sgi window, choose "<tt>s</tt>" (for Shell), and type:
+ <table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
+ <b>ifconfig mec0 10.0.0.1; route add default 10.0.0.254
+ mount -v 10.0.0.2:/tftpboot /mnt
+ cd /mnt/dev; ./MAKEDEV all; cd /; umount /mnt
+ halt</b>
+ </pre></td></tr></table>
+         You might want to log in as <tt>root</tt> on the server machine, and
+         run <tt>tcpdump -lnvv</tt> or similar, to see that what the client
+         machine actually does on the network. The <tt>MAKEDEV</tt> script
+         takes almost forever, so be patient.
+ </ol>
+ <p><font color="#ff0000">NOTE: Everything up to this point should work.
+ However, the next step (in gray) doesn't actually work:</font>
+ <p><font color="#888888">Once everything has been set up correctly, change
+ <tt>bsd.rd</tt> in <tt>config_client</tt> to just <tt>bsd</tt> (the GENERIC
+ kernel). It should now be possible to boot OpenBSD/sgi using the NetBSD/pmax
+ nfs server. (When asked for "<tt>root device :</tt>" on the OpenBSD machine,
+ enter <tt><b>mec0</b></tt>.)</font>
+ <p><font color="#ff0000">But it doesn't work. Probably because GXemul's
+ implementation of the mec (ethernet card used in the O2) is too much of
+ a quick hack. For now, use the <tt>bsd.rd</tt> kernel, and (at every
+ boot) type:</font><pre>
+         <b>s</b>  (for Shell)
+         <b>ifconfig mec0 10.0.0.1; route add default 10.0.0.254</b>
+         <b>mount -v 10.0.0.2:/tftpboot /mnt</b>
+         <b>cd /mnt; usr/sbin/chroot .</b>
+         <b>sh etc/rc</b>
+ </pre>
+ <p><font color="#ff0000">This will not cause OpenBSD to be booted
+ normally, but at least a few basic things will work.
+ By the way, the emulator performs so poorly, that you will have time to
+ fetch several cups of coffee for each of the steps above.</font>
+ <p><br>
+ <a name="openbsdarcinstall"></a>
+ <h3>OpenBSD/arc:</h3>
+ It is (almost) possible to install and run OpenBSD/arc on an emulated Acer
+ PICA-61 in the emulator.
+ <p><font color="#e00000">Earlier, I had this guest OS listed as
+ officially working in the emulator, but for several reasons, it has
+ been moved down here to the "informative-but-not-really-working"
+ section.</font>
+ <p>
+ <ul>
+   <li>The last OpenBSD/arc release was 2.3. This means that it is very
+         old, it would not give a fair picture of what OpenBSD is (if you
+         are just looking to find out what it is like), and it is not
+         worth experimenting with it. See
+         <a href="http://www.openbsd.org/arc.html">http://www.openbsd.org/arc.html</a>
+         for more information.
+   <li>OpenBSD/arc was (if I understood things correctly) never really
+         stable, even on real hardare. Problems with too small an interrupt
+         stack. Bugs are triggered in the emulator that have to do with
+         issues such as this.
+ </ul>
+ <p>
+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+ <a href="20041024-openbsd-arc-installed.gif"><img src="20041024-openbsd-arc-installed_small.gif"></a>
+ <p>
+ <font color="#e00000">Currently, I don't test for every release whether
+ or not OpenBSD/arc can be installed. Releases prior to 0.3.7
+ (but probably <i>not</i> 0.3.7) should work. Anyway, here are the
+ old installation instructions:</font>
+ <p>To install OpenBSD/arc onto an emulated harddisk image, follow these
+ instructions:
+ <p>
+ <ol>
+   <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
+         that OpenBSD installs itself onto:<pre>
+         <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=obsd_arc.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=700000</b>
+ </pre>
+   <li>Download the entire arc directory from the ftp server: (approx. 75 MB)<pre>
+         <b>wget -np -l 0 -r <a href="ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.3/arc/">ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.3/arc/</a></b>
+ </pre>
+   <li>You now need to make an ISO image of the entire directory you downloaded.
+         (I recommend using <tt>mkisofs</tt> for that purpose. If you don't
+         already have <tt>mkisofs</tt> installed on your system, you need
+         to install it in order to do this.)<pre>
+         <b>mkisofs -o openbsd_arc_2.3.iso ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/</b>
+ </pre>
+   <li>Start the emulator using this command line:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -e pica -X -d obsd_arc.img -d b:openbsd_arc_2.3.iso -j 2.3/arc/bsd.rd</b>
+ </pre>
+         and proceed like you would do if you were installing OpenBSD
+         on a real Acer PICA-61. (Answer 'no' when asked if you want to
+         configure networking, and then install from CD-ROM.)
+ </ol>
+ <p>
+ Once the install has finished, the following command should let you
+ boot from the harddisk image:
+ <p>
+ <pre>
+         <b>gxemul -X -e pica -d obsd_arc.img ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.3/arc/bsd</b>
+ </pre>
+ The system is very sensitive to (I think) kernel stack overflow, so it
+ crashes easily. If I remember correctly from mailing lists, this also
+ happened on real hardware.
+ <p><br>
+ <a name="debiancats"></a>
+ <h3>Debian GNU/Linux for CATS:</h3>
+ Debian GNU/Linux for CATS (ARM) could <i>theoretically</i> run in GXemul,
+ however:
+ <ul>
+   <li>The DEC 21143 NIC is not emulated well enough for Linux to accept it.
+   <li>Development of Debian for CATS seems to have died? The latest
+         install kernel is quite old.
+ </ul>
+ <p><font color="#ff0000">IT DOES <b>NOT</b> WORK YET!</font>
+ <p>The following installation instructions would theoretically work:
+ <p>
+ <ol>
+   <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
+         that Debian installs itself onto:<pre>
+         <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=debian_cats.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=3300000</b>
+ </pre>
+   <li>Download the tftpboot install kernel:<pre>
+         <a href="http://ftp.debian.org/debian/dists/oldstable/main/disks-arm/current/cats/tftpboot.img">http://ftp.debian.org/debian/dists/oldstable/main/disks-arm/current/cats/tftpboot.img</a>
+ </pre>
+   <li>Start the installation using the following command line:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -XEcats -d debian_cats.img tftpboot.img</b>
+ </pre>
+ </ol>
+ <p>It doesn't work, though, because the NIC isn't working well enough.
+ <p>The only use of Debian/CATS in the emulator right now is as a way to
+ manipulate Linux disk images, if you are on a non-Linux host. By choosing
+ "Execute a shell" in the installer's menu, you can have access to tools such as
+ fdisk and mke2fs, which are useful for creating Linux paritions on disk images.
+ <p><br>
+ <a name="linux_qemu_mips"></a>
+ <h3>Linux/QEMU_MIPS:</h3>
+ I've added a semi-bogus machine mode which tries to
+ mimic the MIPS machine mode used in Fabrice Bellard's
+ <a href="http://fabrice.bellard.free.fr/qemu/">QEMU</a>.
+ <p>Follow these steps to download and run the Linux/QEMU_MIPS test
+ ramdisk kernel:
+ <p><ol>
+   <li>Download <a href="http://fabrice.bellard.free.fr/qemu/mips-test-0.1.tar.gz">mips-test-0.1.tar.gz</a>
+         from <a href="http://fabrice.bellard.free.fr/qemu/download.html">http://fabrice.bellard.free.fr/qemu/download.html</a>,
+         and extract its contents (<tt>tar zxvf mips-test-0.1.tar.gz</tt>).
+   <p>
+   <li>Test it in GXemul using the following command line:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -E qemu_mips -o 'console=ttyS0 root=/dev/ram
+                 rd_start=0x80800000 rd_size=10000000 init=/bin/sh'
+x80800000:mips-test/initrd mips-test/vmlinux-r1</b>
+ </pre>
+ </ol>
+ <p><i>"QEMU is a FAST! processor emulator"</i> according to <a
+ href="http://fabrice.bellard.free.fr/qemu/qemu-doc.html">http://fabrice.bellard.free.fr/qemu/qemu-doc.html</a>.
+ Sometimes QEMU is faster than GXemul, sometimes it is the other way
+ around. A quick (and quite unfair) test on my laptop (1.8 GHz Turion ML32,
+ I think, in AMD64 mode) comparing QEMU 0.8.1 installed as a binary package
+ from FreeBSD ports with GXemul gave the following result:
+ <p><pre>
+         <b>while true; do ls -l > /dev/null; echo -n .; done</b>
+         (80 x 36 dots)
+         QEMU 0.8.1:       13 min 48 sec
+         GXemul 0.4.2:      4 min 31 sec
+         <b>while true; do /usr/bin/md5sum /usr/bin/* > /dev/null; echo -n .; done</b>
+         (80 dots)
+         QEMU 0.8.1:        2 min  9 sec
+         GXemul 0.4.2:      5 min 18 sec
+         <b>while true; do grep hej lib/libtextwrap.so.1 > /dev/null; echo -n .; done</b>
+         (80 dots)
+         QEMU 0.8.1:       10 min  5 sec
+         GXemul 0.4.2:      1 min 36 sec
+ </pre>
+ <p>The commands were run inside the emulators, using the ramdisk kernel
+ mentioned above.
+ <p><br>
+ <a name="windows_nt_mips"></a>
+ <h3>Windows NT/MIPS:</h3>
+ Old versions of Windows NT could run on MIPS hardware, e.g.
+ the PICA 61. It is theoretically possible that the emulation provided by
+ GXemul some day could be stable/complete enough to emulate
+ such hardware well enough to fool Windows NT into thinking
+ that it is running on a real machine.
+ <font color="#ff0000">IT DOES <b>NOT</b> WORK YET!</font>
+ <p>Something like this would be done to install
+ Windows NT onto a disk image:
+ <ol>
+         <li>Put a "Windows NT 4.0 for MIPS" CDROM (or similar) into
+                 your CDROM drive. (On FreeBSD systems, it is
+                 usually called <tt>/dev/cd0c</tt> or similar. Change
+                 that to whatever the CDROM is called on your system,
+                 or the name of a raw .iso image. I have tried this
+                 with the Swedish version, but it might work with
+                 other versions too.)
+         <p>
+         <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the disk image
+                 that you will install Windows NT onto:<pre>
+         $ <b><tt>dd if=/dev/zero of=winnt_test.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=999000</tt></b>
+ </pre>
+         <li>Run the ARC installer, to partition the disk image:<pre>
+         $ <b><tt>gxemul -X -e pica -d winnt_test.img -d bc6:/dev/cd0c -j MIPS\\ARCINST</tt></b>
+ </pre>
+         Note that <tt>ARCINST</tt> <i>almost</i> works, but not quite.
+         <p>
+         <li>Run the SETUP program:<pre>
+         $ <b><tt>gxemul -X -e pica -d winnt_test.img -d bc6:/dev/cd0c -j MIPS\\SETUPLDR</tt></b>
+ </pre>
+ </ol>
+ <p><tt>SETUPLDR</tt> manages to load some drivers from the cdrom,
+ but then it crashes because of incomplete emulation of some hardware devices.
+ <p><br>
+ <a name="netbsdmacppcinstall"></a>
+ <h3>NetBSD/macppc:</h3>
+ It is <font color="#ff0000"><b>ALMOST</b></font> possible to install and run
+ <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/">NetBSD/macppc</a> in GXemul
+ on an emulated generic PowerPC machine. No specific Machintosh model
+ is emulated, but it is enough to for NetBSD to recognize it.
+ <p>To install NetBSD/macppc onto a disk image, follow these instructions:
+ <p>
+ <ol start="1">
+   <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
+         that you will install NetBSD/macppc onto:<pre>
+     <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_macppc.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=2000000</b>
+ </pre>
+   <li>Download the NetBSD/macppc 3.0 ISO image and a generic kernel:<pre>
+     <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0/macppccd-3.0.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0/macppccd-3.0.iso</a>
+     <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0/macppc/binary/kernel/">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0/macppc/binary/kernel</a>/<a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0/macppc/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.MP.gz">netbsd-GENERIC.MP.gz</a>
+ </pre>
+   <p>
+   <li>Start the installation like this:<pre>
+     <b>gxemul -x -e g4 -d nbsd_macppc.img -d b:macppccd-3.0.iso -j macppc/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz</b>
+ </pre>
+ </ol>
+ <p>If everything worked, NetBSD/macppc should now be installed on the disk image.
+ <p><font color="#ff0000"><b>2006-02-26:</b></font> That's it. The installation
+ succeeds, but it is not possible to start from the newly installed disk.
+ /sbin/init dies, so the following command doesn't really work yet:
+ <p>Use the following command line to boot the emulated machine:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -x -e g4 -d nbsd_macppc.img netbsd-GENERIC.MP.gz</b>
+ </pre>
+ <p><br>
+ <a name="netbsdbeboxinstall"></a>
+ <h3>NetBSD/bebox:</h3>
+ There is an old snapshot of
+ <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/bebox/">NetBSD/bebox</a>
+ from 1998-11-19 available at NetBSD's ftp server. NetBSD/bebox
+ could theoretically run in GXemul.
+ <font color="#ff0000">IT DOES <b>NOT</b> WORK RIGHT NOW!</font>
+ <p>The following instructions will let you install NetBSD/bebox onto a
+ disk image, using a NetBSD/prep kernel temporarily during the install:
+ <p>
+ <ol>
+   <li>Download a NetBSD/prep 2.1 install ramdisk kernel:<pre>
+         <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.1/prep/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.1/prep/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz</a>
+ </pre>
+   <p>
+   <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the disk image
+         that you will install NetBSD onto:<pre>
+         <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_bebox.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=999000</b>
+ </pre>
+   <p>
+   <li>Download the NetBSD/bebox snapshot, and create a suitable .iso
+         image of the files:
+ <p><table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
+ <b>wget -np -l 0 -r <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/arch/bebox/snapshot/19981119/">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/arch/bebox/snapshot/19981119/</a>
+ mv ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/arch/bebox/snapshot/19981119/kern.tgz .
+ tar zxvf kern.tgz
+ rm -f kern.tgz
+ mkisofs -o netbsd-bebox-19981119.iso ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/arch/bebox/snapshot/19981119</b>
+ </pre></td></tr></table>
+   <p>
+   <li>Now let's extract the files onto the Bebox disk image. Start NetBSD/prep
+         with the following command line:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -x -e ibm6050 -d d:netbsd-bebox-19981119.iso -d nbsd_bebox.img netbsd-INSTALL.gz</b>
+ </pre>Choose (S) for Shell, and execute the following commands:
+ <p><table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
+ <b>disklabel -I -i wd1
+ a
+.2BSD
+c
+M
+ b
+ swap
+ a
+M
+ W
+ y
+ Q
+ newfs /dev/wd1a
+ mount_cd9660 /dev/wd0c /mnt
+ mount /dev/wd1a /mnt2
+ cd mnt2
+ for a in /mnt/*.tgz; do echo $a; tar zxfp $a; done
+ cd dev; sh ./MAKEDEV all; cd ../etc
+ echo rc_configured=YES &gt;&gt; rc.conf
+ echo "/dev/wd0a / ffs rw 1 1" &gt; fstab
+ echo "/dev/wd0b none swap sw 0 0" &gt;&gt; fstab
+ cd /; umount /mnt; umount /mnt2
+ sync; halt</b>
+ </pre></td></tr></table>
+ </ol>
+ <p>You should now be able to boot NetBSD/bebox using this command:<pre>
+         <b>gxemul -X -E bebox -d nbsd_bebox.img netbsd</b>
+ </pre>
+ <p>When asked for the root device, enter <b><tt>wd0a</tt></b>.
+ <p><font color="#ff0000">IT DOES <b>NOT</b> WORK YET</font>, there are
+ errors while uncompressing the tgz files, and the machine crashes when
+ trying to run /sbin/init.

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