trunk/doc/guestoses.html

<html><head><title>Gavare's eXperimental Emulator:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Installing and running "guest OSes"</title>
<meta name="robots" content="noarchive,nofollow,noindex"></head>
<body bgcolor="#f8f8f8" text="#000000" link="#4040f0" vlink="#404040" alink="#ff0000">
<table border=0 width=100% bgcolor="#d0d0d0"><tr>
<td width=100% align=center valign=center><table border=0 width=100%><tr>
<td align="left" valign=center bgcolor="#d0efff"><font color="#6060e0" size="6">
<b>Gavare's eXperimental Emulator:</b></font><br>
<font color="#000000" size="6"><b>Installing and running "guest OSes"</b>
</font></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p>

<!--

$Id: guestoses.html,v 1.149 2006/06/25 02:36:46 debug Exp $

Copyright (C) 2003-2006  Anders Gavare.  All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
   derived from this software without specific prior written permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGE.

-->


<a href="./">Back to the index</a>

<p><br>
<h2>Installing and running "guest OSes"</h2>

<p>
<ul>
  <li><a href="#generalnotes">General notes on running "guest OSes"</a>
  <li><a href="#netbsdpmaxinstall">NetBSD/pmax 3.0 or 1.6.2</a>
  <li><a href="#netbsdarcinstall">NetBSD/arc 1.6.2</a>
  <li><a href="#netbsdhpcmipsinstall">NetBSD/hpcmips 3.0</a>
  <li><a href="#netbsdcobaltinstall">NetBSD/cobalt 2.1</a>
  <li><a href="#netbsdevbmipsinstall">NetBSD/evbmips 2.1</a>
  <li><a href="#netbsdsgimips">NetBSD/sgimips 3.0</a>
  <li><a href="#netbsdcatsinstall">NetBSD/cats 3.0</a>
  <li><a href="#netbsdevbarminstall">NetBSD/evbarm 2.1</a>
  <li><a href="#netbsdprepinstall">NetBSD/prep 2.1</a>
  <li><a href="#openbsdpmaxinstall">OpenBSD/pmax 2.8-BETA</a>
  <li><a href="#openbsdcatsinstall">OpenBSD/cats 3.9</a>
  <li><a href="#ultrixinstall">Ultrix/RISC 4.5</a>
  <li><a href="#sprite">Sprite for DECstation</a>
  <li><a href="#declinux">Debian GNU/Linux for DECstation</a>
  <li><a href="#declinuxredhat">Redhat Linux for DECstation</a>
</ul>


<p><br>
<a name="generalnotes"></a>
<h3>General notes on running "guest OSes":</h3>

The emulator works well enough to run complete operating systems. These 
are often refered to as <i>guest</i> operating systems, in contrast to the 
<i>host</i> operating system which the emulator is running under.

<p>Although it is possible to let a guest OS access real hardware, such as 
harddisks, it is much more flexible and attractive to simulate harddisks 
using files residing in the host's filesystem. On Unix-like systems, files 
may contain holes, which makes this really simple. To the guest operating 
system, the harddisk image looks and acts like a real disk.

<p>The version numbers of the various operating systems were the latest 
versions that worked satisfactory with GXemul at the time this page was 
updated; if new versions have been released since then, they might work as 
well.

<p>In addition to the "working" guest operating systems listed above,
you might find the following information interesting: (Some of these might
not be relevant for this specific release of GXemul.)

<ul>
  <li><a href="#mach">Mach/PMAX</a>
  <li><a href="#openbsdsgiinstall">OpenBSD/sgi</a>
  <li><a href="#openbsdarcinstall">OpenBSD/arc 2.3</a>
  <li><a href="#debiancats">Debian GNU/Linux for CATS</a>
  <li><a href="#netbsdnetwinderinstall">NetBSD/netwinder 2.1</a>
  <li><a href="#netbsdmacppcinstall">NetBSD/macppc 3.0</a>
</ul>

<p>Some operating systems are listed with a version number <i>less</i> 
than what was available at the time of this GXemul release (e.g. 
NetBSD/prep). The reasons for this is because of incompleteness in 
GXemul's machine, device, and/or processor implementations.


<p><br>
<a name="netbsdpmaxinstall"></a>
<h3>NetBSD/pmax:</h3>

<p><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/pmax/">NetBSD/pmax</a> was the
first guest OS that could be installed onto a disk image in GXemul. The
device emulation of the DECstation 5000/200 is reasonably complete; it
should be enough to emulate a networked X-windows-capable workstation.

<p>NetBSD/pmax 1.6.2 works perfectly with X out-of-the-box. Unfortunately,
newer NetBSD releases have changed slightly, and nowadays X does not
work straight away. (It seems that this has to do with NetBSD switching
console system to "WSCONS" somewhere between 1.6.2 and 2.0. I haven't had
time to figure out how to make it work; at worst it might require a kernel
recompilation.) What this means is that if you want to use emulated X11,
then you need to run NetBSD 1.6.2. If you feel that you only need
serial-console emulation, then choose the latest NetBSD version available.

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20050317-example.png"><img src="20050317-example_small.png"></a>

<p>To install NetBSD/pmax onto a harddisk image in the emulator,
follow these instructions:

<p><ol start="1">
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
        that NetBSD installs itself onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_pmax.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=1900000</b>

</pre>
</ol>

<p>
From this point, there are two separate ways to continue the installation.
You can either download a CD-ROM iso image (and let the installation 
program copy files from the CD-ROM image to the harddisk image), or you 
can install via ftp. For an installation from a CD-ROM image, follow these 
steps:
<p>
<ol start="2">

  <li>Download a NetBSD CD-ROM iso image:<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-archive/iso/1.6.2/pmaxcd.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-archive/iso/1.6.2/pmaxcd.iso</a>
        or
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0/pmaxcd-3.0.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0/pmaxcd-3.0.iso</a>

</pre>
  <li>Start the emulator like this:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -d nbsd_pmax.img -d bc:pmaxcd-3.0.iso</b>
        (or <b>pmaxcd.iso</b>)
</pre>
        and proceed like you would do if you were installing NetBSD on a real
        DECstation. Remember to choose <tt>vt100</tt> as your terminal
        type, and not <tt>rcons</tt>.
</ol>
<p>
For an ftp install, substitute steps 2 and 3 above with these:
<p>
<ol start="2">

  <li>Download a NetBSD pmax INSTALL kernel:<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-archive/NetBSD-1.6.2/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-archive/NetBSD-1.6.2/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz</a>
        or
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0/pmax/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz</a>

</pre>
  <li>Start the emulator like this:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -d nbsd_pmax.img -O netbsd-INSTALL.gz</b>
</pre>
        and proceed like you would do if you were installing NetBSD on a real
        DECstation. Remember to choose <tt>vt100</tt> as your terminal
        type, and not <tt>rcons</tt>. Suitable networking parameters are as
        follows:<pre>
        Which device shall I use? [le0]: <b>le0</b>
        ..
        Your DNS domain: <b>mydomain.com</b>
        Your host name: <b>foo</b>
        Your IPv4 number: <b>10.0.0.1</b>
        IPv4 Netmask [0xff000000]: <b>0xff000000</b>
        IPv4 gateway: <b>10.0.0.254</b>
        IPv4 name server: <b>10.0.0.254</b>
</pre>
        (If using 10.0.0.254 as the nameserver fails, then try entering the
        IP number of a real-world nameserver instead.)
</ol>

<p>If you want to use a graphical framebuffer during the install, you can
add <b><tt>-X -Y2</tt></b> to the command line, and choose <tt>rcons</tt>
instead of <tt>vt100</tt> when prompted with which terminal type to use.
(By just using <tt><b>-X</b></tt>, you will get a full-size framebuffer
window.)

<p>When the installation is finished, the following command should start
NetBSD from the harddisk image:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -d nbsd_pmax.img</b>
</pre>

<p>If you installed NetBSD/pmax 1.6.2, then try the following to start
with a framebuffer:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -X -e 3max -d nbsd_pmax.img</b>
</pre>
and log in as <tt>root</tt> and type <tt>startx</tt> to start X windows.


<p><br>
<a name="netbsdarcinstall"></a>
<h3>NetBSD/arc:</h3>

It is possible to install and run an old version of <a
href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/arc/">NetBSD/arc</a>
on an emulated Acer PICA-61 in the emulator.

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20041024-netbsd-arc-installed.gif"><img src="20041024-netbsd-arc-installed_small.gif"></a>

<p>
To install NetBSD/arc 1.6.2 from a CDROM image onto an emulated
harddisk image, follow these instructions:

<p>
<ol start="1">
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
        that NetBSD installs itself onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_arc.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=900000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download a NetBSD/arc 1.6.2 CDROM image, and a generic NetBSD/arc
        kernel:<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-archive/iso/1.6.2/arccd.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-archive/iso/1.6.2/arccd.iso</a>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-archive/NetBSD-1.6.2/arc/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-archive/NetBSD-1.6.2/arc/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz</a>

</pre>
  <li>Start the emulator using this command line:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e pica -x -d nbsd_arc.img -d bc:arccd.iso \
          -j arc/binary/kernel/netbsd.RAMDISK.gz</b>

</pre>
        (Try removing <tt>-x</tt> if you have problems with the xterm.)
    <p>
  <li>From now on, you have to use your imagination, as there is no
        automatic installation program for NetBSD/arc 1.6.2. Here are
        some tips and hints on how you can proceed with the install:
<p><table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>mount /dev/cd0a /mnt2
disklabel -i -I sd0</b>    (for example 'a', '4.2BSD', '1c',
    '700M', 'b', 'swap', '701M', '$', 'P', 'W', 'y', and 'Q')
<b>newfs /dev/sd0a
mount /dev/sd0a /mnt
cd /mnt
for a in /mnt2/arc/binary/sets/*.tgz; do echo $a; tar xzpf $a; done
cd dev; sh MAKEDEV all
cd ../etc; echo "rc_configured=YES" &gt;&gt; rc.conf
cat > /mnt/etc/fstab
/dev/sd0a / ffs rw 1 1
/dev/sd0b none swap sw 0 0
</b>(press ctrl-d)
<b>cd /; umount /mnt; umount /mnt2
halt</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
</ol>

<p>You can now use the generic NetBSD/arc kernel to boot from the harddisk 
image, using the following command:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e pica -x -d nbsd_arc.img netbsd-GENERIC.gz</b>

</pre>

<p>When asked for "<tt>root device: </tt>", enter <b><tt>sd0</tt></b>.


<p><br>
<a name="netbsdhpcmipsinstall"></a>
<h3>NetBSD/hpcmips:</h3>

It is possible to install <a
href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/hpcmips/">NetBSD/hpcmips</a> onto a disk
image, on an an emulated MobilePro 770, 780, 800, or 880. The emulator
treats the different machine models as being almost identical; the most
important difference is regarding the framebuffer.

<p><table border="0">
        <tr>
                <td width="80">&nbsp;</td>
                <td><u>Model:</u></td>
                <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
                <td><u>Framebuffer size/depth:</u></td>
                <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
                <td><u>Framebuffer address:</u></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
                <td></td>
                <td>MobilePro 770 (<super>*2</super>)</td>
                <td></td>
                <td>640 x 240, 16 bits</td>
                <td></td>
                <td>0xa000000</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
                <td></td>
                <td>MobilePro 780</td>
                <td></td>
                <td>640 x 240, 16 bits</td>
                <td></td>
                <td>0xa180100 (<super>*</super>)</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
                <td></td>
                <td>MobilePro 800</td>
                <td></td>
                <td>800 x 600, 16 bits</td>
                <td></td>
                <td>0xa000000</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
                <td></td>
                <td>MobilePro 880</td>
                <td></td>
                <td>800 x 600, 16 bits</td>
                <td></td>
                <td>0xa0ea600 (<super>*</super>)</td>
        </tr>
</table>

<p>
(<super>*</super>) = not aligned at a page boundary, so it will not work
efficiently with the current dyntrans system. Using this mode will still
work, but each load and store will be emulated much more slowly than is
possible with an aligned framebuffer.

<p>
(<super>*2</super>) = The MobilePro 770's cursor keys work differently 
than the other models, for some reason. (This is a known bug.)

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20050427-netbsd-hpcmips-1.png"><img src="20050427-netbsd-hpcmips-1_small.png"></a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20050427-netbsd-hpcmips-2.png"><img src="20050427-netbsd-hpcmips-2_small.png"></a>

<p>
These instructions show an example of how to install
NetBSD/hpcmips on an emulated MobilePro 770:

<p>
<ol start="1">
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
        that you will install NetBSD/hpcmips onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_hpcmips.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=1990000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download the NetBSD/hpcmips 3.0 ISO image, and a generic kernel:<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0/">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0</a>/<a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0/hpcmipscd-3.0.iso">hpcmipscd-3.0.iso</a>

        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0/hpcmips/binary/kernel/">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0/hpcmips/binary/kernel</a>/<a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0/hpcmips/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz">netbsd-GENERIC.gz</a>

</pre>
  <p>
  <li>Start the installation like this:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e mobilepro770 -X -d nbsd_hpcmips.img  \
          -d b:hpcmipscd-3.0.iso -j hpcmips/installation/netbsd.gz</b>

</pre>
        and proceed like you would do if you were installing NetBSD on a real
        MobilePro 770. (Install onto wd0, choose "Use entire disk" when
        doing the MBR partitioning, and choose to install from CD-ROM.)
</ol>

<p>
If everything worked, NetBSD should now be installed on the disk image.
Use the following command line to boot the emulated hpcmips machine:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e mobilepro770 -X -d nbsd_hpcmips.img netbsd-GENERIC.gz</b>

</pre>

<p>If you change your mind at this point regarding which machine type to
emulate, you might for example prefer a MobilePro 800, then you can change
that at any time. NetBSD/hpcmips is designed to be able to boot on many
types, without any need to change the kernel.

<p>When you have logged in as <tt>root</tt>, you can use <tt>startx</tt> to
start X Windows, but there is no mouse support yet so only keyboard input 
is available. This makes it a bit akward to use X.


<p><br>
<a name="netbsdcobaltinstall"></a>
<h3>NetBSD/cobalt:</h3>

<a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/cobalt/">NetBSD/cobalt</a> is tricky
to install, because the Cobalt machines were designed for Linux, and not
very flexible. There is no traditional INSTALL kernel for NetBSD/cobalt.
One way to install the NetBSD/cobalt distribution onto a disk image is to
do it from another (emulated) machine.

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20050413-netbsd-cobalt.png"><img src="20050413-netbsd-cobalt_small.png"></a>

<p>
The following instructions will let you install NetBSD/cobalt onto a disk 
image, from an emulated DECstation 3MAX machine:

<p>
<ol>
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the disk image
        that you will install NetBSD/cobalt onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_cobalt.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=1999000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download the generic kernel for Cobalt and the 2.1 ISO image:<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.1/cobalt/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.1/cobalt/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz</a>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.1/cobaltcd.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.1/cobaltcd.iso</a>

</pre>
  <p>
  <li>Install NetBSD/pmax 3.0 according to instructions
        <a href="#netbsdpmaxinstall">further up on this page</a>.
  <p>
  <li>Start NetBSD/pmax like this:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e3max -d nbsd_pmax.img -d cobaltcd.iso -d nbsd_cobalt.img</b>

</pre>
  <li>Log in as root (on the emulated 3MAX machine), and execute the
        following commands: (adjust according to taste)
<p><table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>newfs /dev/sd1c
mount /dev/cd0c /mnt
mkdir /mnt2; mount /dev/sd1c /mnt2
cd /mnt2; sh
for a in /mnt/cobalt/binary/sets/*.tgz; do echo $a; tar zxfp $a; done
exit
cd dev; sh ./MAKEDEV all; cd ../etc
echo rc_configured=YES &gt;&gt; rc.conf
echo "/dev/wd0d / ffs rw 1 1" > fstab
cd /; umount /mnt; umount /mnt2; halt</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
</ol>

<p>
You should now be able to boot NetBSD/cobalt like this:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -M128 -E cobalt -d nbsd_cobalt.img netbsd-GENERIC.gz</b>
</pre>

Note that the installation instructions above create a filesystem
<i>without</i> a disklabel, so there is only one ffs partition and no
swap. You will need to enter the following things when booting with the
generic kernel:<pre>
        root device (default wd0a): <b>wd0d</b>
        dump device (default wd0b): <b>none</b>
        file system (default generic): <b>ffs</b>
        init path (default /sbin/init):     <i>(just press enter here)</i>
</pre>


<p><br>
<a name="netbsdevbmipsinstall"></a>
<h3>NetBSD/evbmips:</h3>

<a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/evbmips/">NetBSD/evbmips</a> can run
in GXemul on an emulated Malta evaluation board (with a 5Kc or 4Kc CPU).

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20050622-netbsd-evbmips-malta.png"><img src="20050622-netbsd-evbmips-malta_small.png"></a>

<p>It is tricky to install, because there is (as far as I know) no INSTALL
kernel. One way to install the NetBSD/evbmips distribution onto a disk
image is to install the files using another (emulated) machine.

<p>
The following instructions will let you install NetBSD/evbmips onto a disk 
image, from an emulated DECstation 3MAX machine:

<p>
<ol>
  <li>Install NetBSD/pmax 3.0 according to instructions
        <a href="#netbsdpmaxinstall">further up on this page</a>.
  <p>
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the disk image
        that you will install NetBSD onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_malta.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=999000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download the generic kernel and the 2.1 ISO image:<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.1/evbmips-mipsel/binary/kernel/netbsd-MALTA.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.1/evbmips-mipsel/binary/kernel/netbsd-MALTA.gz</a>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.1/evbmips-mipselcd.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.1/evbmips-mipselcd.iso</a>

</pre>
  <p>
  <li>Start NetBSD/pmax like this:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -d nbsd_pmax.img -d nbsd_malta.img -d evbmips-mipselcd.iso</b>

</pre>and execute the following commands as <tt>root</tt>:
<p><table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>newfs /dev/sd1c
mount /dev/cd0c /mnt
mkdir /mnt2; mount /dev/sd1c /mnt2
cd /mnt2; sh
for a in /mnt/evbmips-mipsel/binary/sets/*.tgz; do echo $a; tar zxfp $a; done
exit
cd dev; sh ./MAKEDEV all; cd ../etc
echo rc_configured=YES >> rc.conf
echo "/dev/wd0c / ffs rw 1 1" > fstab
cd /; umount /mnt; umount /mnt2; halt</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
</ol>

<p>You should now be able to boot NetBSD/evbmips using this command:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e malta -d nbsd_malta.img netbsd-MALTA.gz</b>
</pre>

<p>NOTE: To select a 4Kc (MIPS32) CPU instead of the default 5Kc 
(MIPS64) CPU, add <tt><b>-C 4Kc</b></tt> to the command line. With NetBSD 
2.1, however, there will be little or no difference in functionality, as
NetBSD still runs in 32-bit mode on 64-bit MIPS CPUs. There are two things
that differ:<ol>
  <li>The dynamic translation core runs faster when emulating 32-bit
        processors, so <tt><b>-C 4Kc</b></tt> might make things go faster.
  <li>4Kc only has 16 TLB entries, whereas 5Kc has 48. This makes 4Kc
        emulation slower in general, because there are more TLB misses.
</ol>

<p>The installation instructions above create a filesystem
<i>without</i> a disklabel, so there is only one ffs partition and no
swap. You will need to enter the following things when booting with the
generic kernel:<pre>
        root device (default wd0a): <b>wd0c</b>
        dump device (default wd0b): <b>none</b>
        file system (default generic): <b>ffs</b>
        init path (default /sbin/init):     <i>(just press enter here)</i>
</pre>


<p><br>
<a name="netbsdsgimips"></a>
<h3>NetBSD/sgimips:</h3>

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20060623-netbsd-sgimips-3.0.png"><img src="20060623-netbsd-sgimips-3.0_small.png"></a>

<p><a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/sgimips/">NetBSD/sgimips</a> can run
in GXemul on an emulated O2 (SGI-IP32). However, GXemul does not yet
emulate the AHC PCI SCSI controller in the O2. (I have mailed Adaptec
several times, asking for documentation, but never received any reply.)
NetBSD can still run in the emulator, as long as it doesn't use SCSI.

<p>For a simple test with the ramdisk/install kernel, try 
dowloading<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL32_IP3x.gz">ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL32_IP3x.gz</a>

</pre>and run&nbsp;&nbsp;<b><tt>gxemul -x -e o2 netbsd-INSTALL32_IP3x.gz</tt></b>.

<p>It is possible to set up an environment for netbooting the emulated SGI
machine off of another emulated machine. Performing this setup is quite
time consuming, but necessary:

<p>
<ol>
  <li>First of all, the "<tt>nfs server</tt>" machine must be set up.
        This needs to have a 750 MB <tt>/tftpboot</tt> partition.
        <a href="#netbsdpmaxinstall">Install NetBSD/pmax 3.0 from CDROM</a>.
        (Don't forget to add the extra partition!)
  <p>
  <li>Configure the nfs server machine to act as an nfs server.
        Start up the emulated DECstation:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -d nbsd_pmax.img</b>
</pre>and enter the following commands as <tt>root</tt>
        inside the emulator:
<table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>echo hostname=server &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
echo ifconfig_le0=\"inet 10.0.0.2\" &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
echo nameserver 10.0.0.254 &gt;&gt; /etc/resolv.conf
echo 10.0.0.254 &gt; /etc/mygate
echo /tftpboot -maproot=root 10.0.0.1 &gt; /etc/exports
echo rpcbind=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
echo nfs_server=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
echo mountd=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
echo bootparamd=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
printf "client root=10.0.0.2:/tftpboot \\\n swap=10.0.0.2:/tftpboot/swap\n" &gt; /etc/bootparams
echo "bootps dgram udp wait root /usr/sbin/bootpd bootpd -d 4 -h 10.0.0.2" &gt;&gt; /etc/inetd.conf
cat &gt;&gt; /etc/bootptab
client:\
        :ht=ether:\
        :ha=102030000010:\
        :sm=255.0.0.0:\
        :lg=10.0.0.254:\
        :ip=10.0.0.1:\
        :rp=/tftpboot:
</b>(press CTRL-D)
<b>echo "10:20:30:00:00:10 client" &gt; /etc/ethers
echo 10.0.0.1 client &gt; /etc/hosts
reboot</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
  <li>Start the DECstation emulation again, and download the
        NetBSD/sgimips distribution sets:<br>(NOTE: This
        takes quite some time, even if you have a fast network connection.)
<table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>cd /tftpboot; ftp -i ftp.se.netbsd.org</b>
(log in as anonymous...)
<b>cd /pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0/sgimips/binary/sets
mget base.tgz comp.tgz etc.tgz games.tgz man.tgz misc.tgz text.tgz
quit
sh
for a in *.tgz; do echo $a; tar zxfp $a; rm -f $a; done
echo 10.0.0.2:/tftpboot / nfs rw 0 0 &gt; /tftpboot/etc/fstab
echo rc_configured=YES &gt;&gt; /tftpboot/etc/rc.conf
dd if=/dev/zero of=swap bs=1024 count=32768
halt</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
  <li>Download the NetBSD/sgimips GENERIC and INSTALL kernels:<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC32_IP3x.gz">ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC32_IP3x.gz</a>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL32_IP3x.gz">ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0/sgimips/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL32_IP3x.gz</a>

</pre>
  <li>Create a configuration file called <tt>config_client</tt>:
<table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<font color="#2020cf">!  Configuration file for running NetBSD/sgimips diskless with
!  a NetBSD/pmax machine as the nfs server.</font>

<b>    net(
        add_remote("localhost:12444")   </b>! the server<b>
        local_port(12445)               </b>! the client<b>
    )

    machine(
        name("client machine")
        serial_nr(1)

        type("sgi")
        subtype("o2")

        load("netbsd-INSTALL32_IP3x.gz")</b>
        ! load("netbsd-GENERIC32_IP3x.gz")<b>
    )
</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
        ... and another configuration file for the server,
        <tt>config_server</tt>:
<table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>    net(
        local_port(12444)               </b>! the server<b>
        add_remote("localhost:12445")   </b>! the client<b>
    )

    machine(
        name("nfs server")
        serial_nr(2)

        type("dec")
        subtype("5000/200")

        disk("nbsd_pmax.img")
    )
</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
  <li>Boot the "<tt>nfs server</tt>" and the NetBSD/sgimips
        "<tt>client machine</tt>" as two separate emulator instances:<pre>
        in one xterm:
        <b>gxemul @config_server</b>

        and then, in another xterm:
        <b>gxemul @config_client</b>

</pre>
  <li>In the NetBSD/sgimips window, choose "<tt>x: Exit Install System</tt>"
        in the installer's main menu, and then type:<pre>
        <b>ifconfig mec0 10.0.0.1; route add default 10.0.0.254</b>
        <b>mount -v 10.0.0.2:/tftpboot /mnt</b>
        <b>cd /mnt/dev; ./MAKEDEV all; cd /; umount /mnt</b>
        <b>halt</b>
</pre>Then, once the client machine has halted, log in as <tt>root</tt>
        on the server machine and type <tt><b>reboot</b></tt>.
  <p>
  <li>Once everything has been set up correctly, change
        <tt>netbsd-INSTALL32_IP3x.gz</tt> in <tt>config_client</tt> to
        <tt>netbsd-GENERIC32_IP3x.gz</tt> (the GENERIC kernel).
</ol>

<p>You might want to log in as <tt>root</tt> on the server machine, and
run <tt>tcpdump -lnvv</tt> or similar, to see that what the client machine
actually does on the network.

<p>It should now be possible to boot NetBSD/sgimips using the NetBSD/pmax
nfs server, using the following commands: (NOTE! Execute these two 
commands in separate xterms!)<pre>
        <b>gxemul @config_server</b>
        <b>gxemul @config_client</b>
</pre>

<p>When asked for "<tt>root device:</tt>" etc. on the client machine, enter
the following values:<pre>
        root device: <b>mec0</b>
        dump device:                            <b>(leave blank)</b>
        file system (default generic):          <b>(leave blank)</b>
        ..
        init path (default /sbin/init):         <b>(leave blank)</b>
        Enter pathname of shell or RETURN for /bin/sh:  <b>(leave blank)</b>
        Terminal type? [unknown] <b>xterm</b>
        ..
        # <b>exit</b>                   (to leave the single-user shell)
</pre>

<p>Note: Netbooting like this is very slow, so you need a lot of patience.
For example, when NetBSD says "<tt>nfs_boot: trying DHCP/BOOTP</tt>",
there will be a long pause, even on a very fast host machine. The reason
for this is mostly because the emulator doesn't deal with timing issues
very well, but also because NetBSD tries IPv6 first, before falling back
to IPv4.


<p><br>
<a name="netbsdcatsinstall"></a>
<h3>NetBSD/cats:</h3>

It is possible to install and run
<a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/cats/">NetBSD/cats</a> in GXemul.

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20051007-netbsd-cats-installed.png"><img src="20051007-netbsd-cats-installed_small.png"></a>

<p>
To install NetBSD/cats onto a disk image, follow these instructions:

<p>
<ol start="1">
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
        that you will install NetBSD/cats onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_cats.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=2000000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download the NetBSD/cats 3.0 ISO image and the generic and install kernels:<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0/catscd-3.0.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0/catscd-3.0.iso</a>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0/cats/binary/kernel/netbsd.aout-GENERIC.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0/cats/binary/kernel/netbsd.aout-GENERIC.gz</a>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0/cats/binary/kernel/netbsd.aout-INSTALL.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0/cats/binary/kernel/netbsd.aout-INSTALL.gz</a>

</pre>
  <p>
  <li>Start the installation like this:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -XEcats -d nbsd_cats.img -d catscd-3.0.iso netbsd.aout-INSTALL.gz</b>

</pre>
        and proceed like you would do if you were installing NetBSD on a real
        CATS from CDROM.
</ol>

<p>Alternatively, to install from FTP, you can skip downloading the ISO,
and start the install without <tt>-d catscd-3.0.iso</tt>. Suitable network 
settings are IP 10.0.0.1, gateway/default route 10.0.0.254, netmask 
255.0.0.0, nameserver 10.0.0.254.

<p>If everything worked, NetBSD should now be installed on the disk image.
Use the following command line to boot the emulated CATS machine:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -XEcats -d nbsd_cats.img netbsd.aout-GENERIC.gz</b>

</pre>


<p><br>
<a name="netbsdevbarminstall"></a>
<h3>NetBSD/evbarm:</h3>

<a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/evbarm/">NetBSD/evbarm</a> can
run in GXemul on an emulated IQ80321 evaluation board.

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20060218-netbsd-evbarm.png"><img src="20060218-netbsd-evbarm_small.png"></a>

<p>It is tricky to install, because there is (as far as I know) no INSTALL
kernel. One way to install the NetBSD/evbarm distribution onto a disk
image is to install the files using another (emulated) machine.

<p>The following instructions will let you install NetBSD/evbarm onto a disk 
image, from an emulated CATS machine:

<p>
<ol>
  <li>Install NetBSD/cats 3.0 according to instructions
        <a href="#netbsdcatsinstall">further up on this page</a>.
  <p>
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the disk image
        that you will install NetBSD onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_iq80321.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=999000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download an IQ80321 kernel with wdc support, and the 2.1 ISO image:<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.1/evbarm/binary/kernel/">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.1/evbarm/binary/kernel</a>/<a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.1/evbarm/binary/kernel/netbsd-wd0-IQ80321.gz">netbsd-wd0-IQ80321.gz</a>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.1/evbarmcd.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.1/evbarmcd.iso</a>

</pre>
  <p>
  <li>The first step is to copy the .tgz files we want onto the CATS
        machine's harddisk. Start the CATS machine like this:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -XEcats -d nbsd_cats.img -d evbarmcd.iso netbsd.aout-GENERIC.gz</b>

</pre>and execute the following commands as <tt>root</tt>:
<p><table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>mount /dev/cd0a /mnt; cd /root; cp /mnt/evbarm/binary/sets/[bcegmt]* .
sync; halt</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
  <p>
  <li>Now let's extract the files onto the IQ80321's disk image. Start the 
        CATS machine again, with the following command line:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -XEcats -d nbsd_cats.img -d nbsd_iq80321.img netbsd.aout-GENERIC.gz</b>

</pre>and execute the following commands as <tt>root</tt>:
<p><table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>disklabel -I -i wd1</b>
    (enter suitable commands, e.g. <i>a, 4.2BSD, 1c, 750M, b,
     swap, a, 200M, P, W, y, Q</i>)
<b>newfs /dev/wd1a; mount /dev/wd1a /mnt; cd /mnt; sh
for a in /root/[bcegmt]*.tgz; do echo $a; tar zxfp $a; done
exit
cd dev; sh ./MAKEDEV all; cd ../etc
echo rc_configured=YES &gt;&gt; rc.conf
echo "/dev/wd0a / ffs rw 1 1" &gt; fstab
echo "/dev/wd0b none swap sw 0 0" &gt;&gt; fstab
cd /; umount /mnt; sync; halt</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
</ol>

<p>You should now be able to boot NetBSD/evbarm using this command:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -xEiq80321 -d nbsd_iq80321.img netbsd-wd0-IQ80321.gz</b>
</pre>


<p><br>
<a name="netbsdprepinstall"></a>
<h3>NetBSD/prep:</h3>

It is possible to install and run
<a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/prep/">NetBSD/prep</a> 2.1 in GXemul
on an emulated IBM 6050 (PowerPC) machine. (NetBSD 3.0 uses the wdc 
controller in a way which isn't implemented in GXemul yet.)

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20051123-netbsd-prep.png"><img src="20051123-netbsd-prep_small.png"></a>

<p>To install NetBSD/prep onto a disk image, follow these instructions:

<p>
<ol start="1">
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
        that you will install NetBSD/prep onto:<pre>
    <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_prep.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=1000000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download the NetBSD/prep 2.1 ISO image and the generic kernel:<pre>
    <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.1/prepcd.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.1/prepcd.iso</a>
    <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.1/prep/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.1/prep/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz</a>

</pre>
  <p>
  <li>Start the installation like this:<pre>
    <b>gxemul -x -e ibm6050 -d nbsd_prep.img -d rdb:prepcd.iso -j prep/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz</b>

</pre>
  <p>
  <li>Installation is a bit unsmooth, possibly due to bugs in GXemul,
        possibly due to bugs in NetBSD itself; others have been having
        problems on real hardware: <a href="http://mail-index.NetBSD.org/port-prep/2005/11/25/0004.html">http://mail-index.NetBSD.org/port-prep/2005/11/25/0004.html</a>.
        Creating an MBR slice and a disklabel with sysinst bugs out, so
        some things have to be done manually:<p>
        At "<tt>(I)nstall, (S)hell, or (H)alt</tt>", choose
                <tt><b><u>s</u></b></tt>.
        <br><tt># <b><u>fdisk -u wd0</u></b></tt>
        <br><tt>Do you want to change our idea of what BIOS thinks? [n]</tt>
                (just press <b>ENTER</b>)
        <br><tt>Which partition do you want to change?: [none] <b><u>0</u></b></tt>
        <br><tt>sysid: ... </tt> (just press <B>ENTER</b>)
        <br><tt>start: ... <b><u>1cyl</u></b></tt>
        <br><tt>size: ... </tt> (just press <B>ENTER</b>)
        <br><tt>Which partition do you want to change?: [none]</tt> (press <b>ENTER</b>)
        <br><tt>Should we write new partition table? [n] <b><u>y</u></b></tt>
        <br><tt># <b><u>disklabel -I -i wd0</u></b></tt>
        <br><tt>partition&gt; <b><u>a</u></b></tt>
        <br><tt>Filesystem type [?] [unused]: <b><u>4.2BSD</u></b></tt>
        <br><tt>Start offset ('x' to start after partition 'x') [0c, 0s, 0M]: <b><u>1c</u></b></tt>
        <br><tt>Partition size ('$' for all remaining) [0c, 0s, 0M]: <b><u>900M</u></b></tt>
        <br><tt>partition&gt; <b><u>b</u></b></tt>
        <br><tt>Filesystem type [?] [unused]: <b><u>swap</u></b></tt>
        <br><tt>Start offset ('x' to start after partition 'x') [0c, 0s, 0M]: <b><u>a</u></b></tt>
        <br><tt>Partition size ('$' for all remaining) [0c, 0s, 0M]: <b><u>$</u></b></tt>
        <br><tt>partition&gt; <b><u>W</u></b></tt>
        <br><tt>Label disk [n]? <b><u>y</u></b></tt>
        <br><tt>partition&gt; <b><u>Q</u></b></tt>
        <br><tt># <b><u>newfs wd0a</u></b></tt>
        <br><tt># <b><u>sysinst</u></b></tt>
        <br>Choose to install onto <b>wd0</b>. Choose
                "<tt>a: Edit the MBR partition table</tt>"
                when presented with that option.
        <br>Choose the 'a' partition/slice,
                set the 'e' ("active") and 'f' ("install") fields to <b>Yes</b>,
                and then choose "<tt>x: Partition table OK</tt>".
        <br>Choose "<tt>b: Use existing partition sizes</tt>" in the next
                menu.
        <br>Select partition 'a' and press ENTER. Set field 'k' (mount point)
                to '<tt><b>/</b></tt>'.
        <br>Get out of the partitioner by selecting
                "<tt>x: Partition sizes ok</tt>" twice.
        <br>At "<tt>Write outside MBR partition? [n]:</tt>", just press
                <b>ENTER</b>.
        <br>Install from CD-ROM, device <b>wd1c</b>.
</ol>

<p>If everything worked, NetBSD should now be installed on the disk image.
Use the following command line to boot the emulated machine:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -x -e ibm6050 -d nbsd_prep.img netbsd-GENERIC.gz</b>

</pre>

<p>When asked which the root device is, type <tt><b>wd0</b></tt> and
just press ENTER to select the default values for dump device, file
system type, and init path.


<p><br>
<a name="openbsdpmaxinstall"></a>
<h3>OpenBSD/pmax:</h3>

Installing <a href="http://www.openbsd.org/pmax.html">OpenBSD/pmax</a> is
a bit harder than installing NetBSD/pmax. You should first read the <a
href="#netbsdpmaxinstall">section above</a> on how to install NetBSD/pmax,
before continuing here. If you have never installed OpenBSD on any
architecture, then you need a great deal of patience to do this. If, on
the other hand you are used to installing OpenBSD, then this should be no
problem for you.

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20040710-openbsd-pmax.png"><img src="20040710-openbsd-pmax_small.png"></a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="openbsd-pmax-20040710.png"><img src="openbsd-pmax-20040710_small.png"></a>

<p>
OpenBSD/pmax died at release 2.8 of OpenBSD, so you should be
aware of the fact that this will not give you an up-to-date OpenBSD
system.

<p>
Following these instructions <i>might</i> work. If not, then use
common sense and imagination to modify them as you see fit.

<p>
<ol>
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
        that OpenBSD installs itself onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=obsd_pmax.img bs=1 count=512 seek=900000000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download the entire pmax directory from the ftp server: (approx. 99 MB)<pre>
        <b>wget -r <a href="ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.8/pmax/">ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.8/pmax/</a></b>

</pre>

  <li>Execute the following commands:
<p><table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>mv ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.8/pmax/simpleroot28.fs.gz .
gunzip simpleroot28.fs.gz
chmod +w simpleroot28.fs</b>            &lt;--- make sure
</pre></td></tr></table>
  <li>You now need to make an ISO image of the entire directory you downloaded.
        (I recommend using <tt>mkisofs</tt> for that purpose. If you don't
        already have <tt>mkisofs</tt> installed on your system, you need
        to install it in order to do this.)<pre>
        <b>mkisofs -o openbsd_pmax_2.8.iso ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.8/pmax</b>
        <b>rm -rf ftp.se.openbsd.org</b>      <i>(this directory is not needed anymore)</i>

</pre>
  <li>Start the emulator with all three (!) disk images:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -d obsd_pmax.img -d b:simpleroot28.fs -j bsd -d c:openbsd_pmax_2.8.iso</b>

</pre>
        (If you add <tt>-X</tt>, you will run with the graphical
        framebuffer. This is <i>REALLY</i> slow because the console has to
        scroll a lot during the install. I don't recommend it.)
  <p>
  <li>Go on with the installation as you would do if you were installing on a real machine.
        If you are not used to the OpenBSD installer, then this will most likely
        be a very uncomfortable experience. Some important things to keep in mind are:
        <ul>
          <li>rz0 is the rootdisk you wish to install onto.
          <li>rz1 is the simpleroot image.
          <li>rz2 is the CDROM containing the "install sets".
          <li>When asked for the "<b>root device?</b>", enter <b>rz1</b>.
          <li>At "<b>Enter pathname of shell or RETURN for sh:</b>", press enter.
          <li>At the # prompt, do the following:<pre>
        <b>fsck /dev/rz1a</b>        (and mark the filesystem as clean)
        <b>mount /dev/rz1a /</b>
        <b>mount -t kernfs kern kern</b>
        <b>./install</b>

</pre>
                and proceed with the install. Good luck. :-)
          <li>Answer "<b>y</b>" when asked if you wish to configure the network.
                (See the section about installing NetBSD/pmax for suitable
                network settings.)
          <li>Install from "<b>c</b>" (cdrom), choose "<b>rz2</b>" as the cdrom device, and "<b>/</b>" as
                the directory containing the install sets.
        </ul>
  <p>
  <li>For some unknown reason, the install script does not set the root
        password! The first time you boot up OpenBSD after the install, you
        need to go into single user mode and run <b>passwd root</b> to set
        the root password, or you will not be able to log in at all!<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -d obsd_pmax.img -d 2c:openbsd_pmax_2.8.iso -j bsd -o '-s'</b>
</pre>
While you are at it, you might want to extract the X11 install sets
as well, as the installer seems to ignore them too. (Perhaps due to a bug
in the installer, perhaps because of the way I used mkisofs.)
<p>
Execute the following commands in the emulator:
<p><table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>fsck /dev/rz0a
mount /
passwd root

cd /; mount -t cd9660 /dev/rz2c /mnt; sh
for a in /mnt/[xX]*; do tar zxvf $a; done
ln -s /usr/X11R6/bin/Xcfbpmax /usr/X11R6/bin/X
ln -s /dev/fb0 /dev/mouse
echo /usr/X11R6/lib &gt;&gt; /etc/ld.so.conf
ldconfig

sync
halt</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
</ol>

<p>
NOTE: It is also possible to install via ftp instead of using a CDROM image. 
This is not much less awkward, you still need the simpleroot filesystem 
image, and you still have to manually add the X11 install sets and set the 
root password, and so on.

<p>
Once you have completed the installation procedure, the following command
will let you boot from the new rootdisk image:
<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -X -o '-aN' -d obsd_pmax.img -j bsd</b>
</pre>

<p>
(Normally, you would be asked about which root device to use (<tt>rz0</tt>),
but using <b><tt>-o '-aN'</tt></b> supresses that.)

<p>
When asked for which terminal type to use, when logging in as root,
enter <b><tt>rcons</tt></b> if you are using the graphical framebuffer,
<b><tt>vt100</tt></b> for text-mode.
<br>Use <b><tt>startx</tt></b> to start X windows.


<p><br>
<a name="openbsdcatsinstall"></a>
<h3>OpenBSD/cats:</h3>

It is possible to install and run
<a href="http://www.openbsd.org/cats.html">OpenBSD/cats</a>
in GXemul.

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20051007-openbsd-cats-installed.png"><img src="20051007-openbsd-cats-installed_small.png"></a>

<p>To install OpenBSD/cats onto an emulated harddisk image,
follow these instructions:

<p>
<ol>
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
        that OpenBSD installs itself onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=obsd_cats.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=1900000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download the entire cats directory from the ftp server:<pre>
        <b>wget -np -l 0 -r <a href="ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.9/cats/">ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.9/cats/</a></b>
        <b>cp ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.9/cats/bsd .</b>
        <b>cp ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.9/cats/bsd.rd .</b>

</pre>
        (Replace ftp.openbsd.org with a server closer to you, for
        increased download speed.)
  <p>
  <li>You now need to make an ISO image of the entire directory you downloaded.
        (I recommend using <tt>mkisofs</tt> for that purpose. If you don't
        already have <tt>mkisofs</tt> installed on your system, you need
        to install it in order to do this.)<pre>
        <b>mkisofs -allow-lowercase -o openbsd_cats_3.9.iso ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/</b>
        <b>rm -rf ftp.openbsd.org</b>      <i>(this directory is not needed anymore)</i>

</pre>
  <li>Start the emulator using this command line:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -XEcats -d obsd_cats.img -d openbsd_cats_3.9.iso bsd.rd</b>

</pre>
        and proceed like you would do if you were installing OpenBSD
        on a real CATS. (Install onto <tt>wd0</tt>, don't configure the
        network, install from CD.)
</ol>

<p>(Although it <i>is</i> possible to configure the network, IPv4 address 
10.0.0.1, netmask 255.0.0.0, gateway/default route 10.0.0.254, and 
nameserver 10.0.0.254, the userland NAT-like networking layer is not 
stable enough yet to support a full install via ftp.)

<p><b>NOTE:</b> Make sure that you <tt>sync</tt> and <tt>reboot</tt>
correctly once the installation is finished, or the <tt>/dev</tt> nodes 
may not have been written correctly to disk.

<p>Once the install has finished, the following command should let you 
boot from the harddisk image:

<p><pre>
        <b>gxemul -XEcats -d obsd_cats.img bsd</b>

</pre>


<p><br>
<a name="ultrixinstall"></a>
<h3>Ultrix/RISC:</h3>

Ultrix 4.x can run in GXemul on an emulated DECstation 5000/200.
(Ultrix was the native OS for these machines, but NetBSD/pmax is
also usable.)

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20040504-ultrix45-boot1.png"><img src="20040504-ultrix45-boot1_small.png"></a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="ultrix4.5-20040706.png"><img src="ultrix4.5-20040706_small.png"></a>

<p>
The following instructions should let you install Ultrix onto a disk image:

<ol>
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
        that Ultrix installs itself onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=rootdisk.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=800000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Place your Ultrix installation media in your CDROM drive.
        (On FreeBSD and similar systems, it is called <tt>/dev/cd0c</tt>.
        Replace that with the name of your CDROM drive, or the name of a
        .iso image file.) Then, start the emulator like this:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -X -e 3max -d rootdisk.img -d bc:/dev/cd0c -j vmunix</b>

</pre>
  <li>Once the first stage of the installation is done (restoring the root
        filesystem), you need to restart the emulator, booting from the 
        new rootdisk, to continue the installation process.
        This is done by removing the bootflag ('<tt>b</tt>') from the second
        diskimage argument:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -X -e 3max -d rootdisk.img -d c:/dev/cd0c -j vmunix</b>

</pre>
</ol>

<p>
When the installation is completed, the following command should start  
Ultrix from the harddisk image:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -X -e 3max -j vmunix -d rootdisk.img</b>
</pre>

<p>If you have a very fast host machine, you might experience a weird
timer related bug, which makes it impossible to logon to the system. It is
triggered when the emulation goes faster than any real DECstation machine
was capable of running. A temporary workaround is to add
<b><tt>-I33000000</tt></b> to fix the emulated clock speed to 33 million
instructions per emulated second. (When using <tt><b>-CR4400</b></tt>,
<b><tt>-I16000000</tt></b> should be used instead.)

<p>
You can experiment with adding <b><tt>-Z2</tt></b> (for emulating a 
dual-headed workstation) or even <b><tt>-Z3</tt></b> (tripple-headed), and 
also the <b><tt>-Y2</tt></b> option for scaling down the framebuffer 
windows by a factor 2x2.
There is also a <b><tt>-z</tt></b> option for supplying names of X11 
displays to use. The following example starts Ultrix on an emulated
tripple-headed workstation, on three different displays (<tt>remote1:0.0</tt>,
<tt>localhost:0.0</tt>, and <tt>remote2:0.0</tt>), using no scaledown:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -N -e 3max -jgenvmunix -d rootdisk.img \
            -XZ3 -z remote1:0.0 -z localhost:0.0 -z remote2:0.0</b>
</pre>

<p>
The photo below shows a single Ultrix session running tripple-headed in
GXemul on an Alpha 21164PC, with displays on a Sun Ultra1 (to the left),
on the Alpha itself (in the middle), and on an HP700/RX X-terminal (8-bit
color depth, running off the Alpha) to the right.

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20041209-ultrix-tripplehead.jpg"><img src="20041209-ultrix-tripplehead_small.jpg"></a>

<p>
The X11 displays may differ in bit depth and endianness. Unfortunately, 
there is no way yet to set the scaledown factor on a per-window basis, so 
the scaledown factor affects all windows.

<p>
(If you didn't use <tt><b>-Z<i>n</i></b></tt> during the installation, and 
compiled your own <tt>/vmunix</tt>, then it will not contain support for 
multiple graphics cards. To overcome this problem, use the generic kernel,
<tt><b>-j genvmunix</b></tt>, whenever you are running the emulator with a 
different setup than the one you used when Ultrix was installed.)

<p>
A note for the historically interested: OSF/1 for MIPS was quite similar
to Ultrix, so that is possible to run as well.  If you are unsuccessful
in installing Ultrix or OSF/1 directly in the emulator, you can always
install it on your real machine onto a real SCSI disk, and then copy the
contents of that SCSI disk into a file (using <b><tt>dd(1)</tt></b>), and use
that file as a disk image file in the emulator.


<p><br>
<a name="sprite"></a>
<h3>Sprite for DECstation:</h3>

Sprite was a research operating system at the University of Berkeley.
The Unix Heritage Society (TUHS, <a href="http://www.tuhs.org">www.tuhs.org</a>)
has made available a copy of a Sprite harddisk image for a DECstation 5000/200.
If you want to find out more about Sprite in general, read
<a href="http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/sprite/retrospective.html">
http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/sprite/retrospective.html</a>.

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20040711-sprite-1.png"><img src="20040711-sprite-1_small.png"></a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="sprite-20040711.png"><img src="sprite-20040711_small.png"></a>

<p>
The following instructions should let you run Sprite in the emulator:

<p>
<ol>
  <li>Download the Sprite harddisk image:<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.es.embnet.org/pub/misc/TUHS/other_os/Sprite/ds5000.bt">ftp://ftp.es.embnet.org/pub/misc/TUHS/other_os/Sprite/ds5000.bt</a>
        83973120 bytes, MD5 = ec84eeeb20fe77b758370d5e312e4a5e

</pre>
  <li>Start the emulator with the following command line:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -X -e 3max -M128 -d ds5000.bt -j vmsprite -o ''</b>

</pre>
</ol>

<p>
The first time you boot up with the disk image, you will be asked a number 
of questions regarding network settings. If you feel like entering correct 
values, then you should use the following:
<p>

<pre>
    Your machine's Ethernet address:    10:20:30:00:00:10
    Your machine's IP:                  10.0.0.1
    Subnet mask:                        0xff000000
    Gateway's Ethernet address:         60:50:40:30:20:10
    Gateway's IP:                       10.0.0.254
</pre>

<p>
Unfortunately, at the end of <a href="ftp://ftp.es.embnet.org/pub/misc/TUHS/other_os/Sprite/boot.txt">ftp://ftp.es.embnet.org/pub/misc/TUHS/other_os/Sprite/boot.txt</a>,
the following sad statement can be found:
<pre>
    The bootable Sprite image is meant to be a demonstration of Sprite, not
    a robust Sprite system.  There are several missing things, such as 
    floating point and network support.
</pre>

<p>Once you are logged in as root, running <b><tt>xinit</tt></b> will
start the X11 environment.


<p><br>
<a name="declinux"></a>
<h3>Debian GNU/Linux for DECstation:</h3>

It is possible to run Debian GNU/Linux for DECstation in the emulator,
on an emulated 5000/200 ("3max"). Although the Debian project has released
install ramdisk kernels for this purpose, these do not always work:
<ul>
  <li>Serial console output doesn't work too well in GXemul. Linux
        oopses randomly, which may be due to bugs in GXemul, but may
        also be due to bugs in the serial controller code in Linux.
        (The speed at which serial interrupts are generated can be
        lowered with the <tt>-U</tt> command line option, but it only
        reduces the risk, it doesn't take away the oopses completely.)
  <li>Old install kernels supported the graphical framebuffer on the
        3max, but not the keyboard.
  <li>For quite some time, the MIPS linux cvs tree had support for the
        keyboard, but it did <i>not</i> include Debian's patches for
        networking. (Perhaps this has been fixed now, I don't know.)
</ul>

<p>David Muse has made available a precompiled install kernel which
has support for framebuffer, keyboard, and networking, which works
pretty well. Thanks David. :-)

<p>
The following steps should let you install Debian GNU/Linux for DECstation
onto a harddisk image:

<p>
<ol>
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
        that Debian installs itself onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=debian_pmax.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=3300000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download David Muse' install kernel, and a Debian Netinstall CD-ROM:<pre>
        <a href="http://www.firstworks.com/mips-linux-2.4.31/vmlinux-2.4.31">http://www.firstworks.com/mips-linux-2.4.31/vmlinux-2.4.31</a>
        <a href="http://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/3.1_r0a/mipsel/iso-cd/debian-31r0a-mipsel-netinst.iso">http://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/3.1_r0a/mipsel/iso-cd/debian-31r0a-mipsel-netinst.iso</a>

</pre>
  <p>
  <li>Start the installation like this:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -X -e3max -d debian_pmax.img -d debian-31r0a-mipsel-netinst.iso vmlinux-2.4.31</b>
</pre>

        <p>If everything goes well, you will see Linux' boot messages, and then
        arrive at the language chooser.

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-1.png"><img src="debian-1-small.png"></a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-2.png"><img src="debian-2-small.png"></a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-3.png"><img src="debian-3-small.png"></a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-4.png"><img src="debian-4-small.png"></a>

        <p>There will be a warning about the keyboard
        layout. Don't mind this. Continue, and then select <b>Detect
        and mount CD-ROM</b> in the next menu.

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-5.png"><img src="debian-5-small.png"></a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-6.png"><img src="debian-6-small.png"></a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-7.png"><img src="debian-7-small.png"></a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-8.png"><img src="debian-8-small.png"></a>

        <p>
        There will also be a warning about lack of loadable modules. Don't
        mind this either, continue anyway by choosing <b>Yes</b>.
        <p>
        When you reach the network configuration part of the install, choose
        <b>Configure network manually</b> and enter the following values:<pre>
        IP address:                 <b>10.0.0.1</b>
        Netmask:                    <b>255.0.0.0</b>
        Gateway:                    <b>10.0.0.254</b>
        Name server addresses:      <b>10.0.0.254</b>

</pre>
        <p>Choose <b>Erase entire disk</b> in the partitioner.

        <p>Wait for the base system to be installed. This takes almost forever,
        so you can go fetch several <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolt_Cola">Jolts</a>
        or cups of coffee in the meanwhile.

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-9.png"><img src="debian-9-small.png"></a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-10.png"><img src="debian-10-small.png"></a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-11.png"><img src="debian-11-small.png"></a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-12.png"><img src="debian-12-small.png"></a>

        <p>Congratulations! The first phase of the installation is now completed.
        Reboot using the following command line:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -X -e3max -o 'root=/dev/sda1' -d debian_pmax.img vmlinux-2.4.31</b>

</pre>
        <p>The post-install step takes quite some time as well. A perfect opportunity
        for more coffee.

        <p>When asked about "Apt configuration", choose <b>http</b> as the method
        to use for accessing the Debian archive.

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-13.png"><img src="debian-13-small.png"></a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-14.png"><img src="debian-14-small.png"></a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="debian-15.png"><img src="debian-15-small.png"></a>

        <p>Downloading the packages takes almost forever. Be patient.

        <p>Congratulations (again)! You are now fully done with the installation.

</ol>

<p><br>Debian GNU/Linux for DECstation is now installed and ready to be used.
Use this command to boot from the installed disk image:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -X -e3max -o 'root=/dev/sda1' -d debian_pmax.img vmlinux-2.4.31</b>

</pre>


<p><br>
<a name="declinuxredhat"></a>
<h3>Redhat Linux for DECstation:</h3>


<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20041129-redhat_mips.png"><img src="20041129-redhat_mips_small.png"></a>

<p>
The following steps should let you run Redhat Linux for DECstation in GXemul:

<p>
<ol>
  <li>Download a kernel. David Muse' Debian-install kernel works fine:<pre>
        <a href="http://www.firstworks.com/mips-linux-2.4.31/vmlinux-2.4.31">http://www.firstworks.com/mips-linux-2.4.31/vmlinux-2.4.31</a>

</pre>
  <li>Download a root filesystem tree:<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.uni-wuppertal.de/pub/linux/mips/mipsel-linux/root/mipsel-root-20011216.tgz">ftp://ftp.uni-wuppertal.de/pub/linux/mips/</a>
         <a href="ftp://ftp.uni-wuppertal.de/pub/linux/mips/mipsel-linux/root/mipsel-root-20011216.tgz">mipsel-linux/root/mipsel-root-20011216.tgz</a>
        19486676 bytes, md5 = 5bcb725c90209479cd7ead8ad0c4a414

</pre>
  <li>Create a disk image which will contain the Redhat filesystem:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=redhat_mips.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=2000000</b>

</pre>
  <li>This is the tricky part: on redhat_mips.img, you need to create an MS-DOS
        (!) partition table, and then an ext2 partition. This is what Linux
        will then see as /dev/sda1.
        <p>I recommend you run fdisk and mke2fs and untar the archive from within
        Debian/DECstation or <a href="#debiancats">Debian/CATS</a> running
        inside the emulator. (Alternatively, if you are on a Linux host,
        you could use a loopback mount, or similar. This might require
        root access. See e.g.
        <a href="http://www.mega-tokyo.com/osfaq2/index.php/Disk%20Images%20Under%20Linux">http://www.mega-tokyo.com/osfaq2/index.php/Disk%20Images%20Under%20Linux</a>.)
        <p>
        In order to actually boot the system you need to modify /etc/fstab.
        Change<pre>
        /dev/root               /               nfs     defaults        1 1
        #/dev/sdc1              /               ext2    defaults        1 1
        none                    /proc           proc    defaults        0 0
        none                    /dev/pts        devpts  mode=0622       0 0

</pre>to<pre>
        #/dev/root              /               nfs     defaults        1 1
        /dev/sda1               /               ext2    defaults        1 1
        none                    /proc           proc    defaults        0 0
        none                    /dev/pts        devpts  mode=0622       0 0

</pre>(Note sda1 instead of sdc1.)
</ol>

<p>To boot Redhat linux from the disk image, use the following command line:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -X -e3max -o "root=/dev/sda1 ro" -d redhat_mips.img vmlinux-2.4.31</b>

</pre>
If you need to boot into single user mode, change options to
<tt><b>-o "root=/dev/sda1 rw init=/bin/sh"</b></tt>.


<p><br>
<hr>


<p><br>
<a name="mach"></a>
<h3>Mach/PMAX:</h3>

Read the following link if you want to know more about Mach in general:
<a href="http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/mach/public/www/mach.html">
http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/mach/public/www/mach.html</a>

<p>
<font color="#ff0000">NOTE: Mach for DECstation requires some files
(called 'startup' and 'emulator') which I haven't been able to find
on the web. Without these, Mach will not get very far. These
installation instructions are preliminary.
</font>

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20041018-mach_pmax.png"><img src="20041018-mach_pmax_small.png"></a>

<p>
The following steps should let you experiment with running Mach
for DECstation in the emulator:

<p>
<ol>
  <li>Compile gxemul with cache emulation: (<b>NOTE: --enable-caches</b>)<pre>
        <b>./configure --enable-caches; make</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download the pmax binary distribution for Mach 3.0:<pre>
        <a href="http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/athena/user/d/a/daveg/Info/Links/Mach/src/release/pmax.tar.Z">http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/athena/user/d/a/</a>
            <a href="http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/athena/user/d/a/daveg/Info/Links/Mach/src/release/pmax.tar.Z">daveg/Info/Links/Mach/src/release/pmax.tar.Z</a>
        7263343 bytes, md5 = f9d76c240a6e169921a1df99ad560cc0

</pre>
  <li>Extract the Mach kernel:<pre>
        <b>tar xfvz pmax.tar.Z pmax_mach/special/mach.boot.MK83.STD+ANY</b>

</pre>
  <li>Create an empty disk image:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=disk.img bs=1 count=512 seek=400000000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Load the contents of pmax.tar.Z onto the disk image. This is
        complicated, and should be described in more detail some time.
        For now, use your imagination. (For example using OpenBSD/pmax:
        <i>disklabel -E rz1; newfs -O /dev/rz1a;
        mount /dev/rz1a /mnt; cd /mnt; download pmax.tar.Z using ftp;
        tar xzvf pmax.tar.Z; mv pmax_mach/* .; rmdir pmax_mach;
        mkdir mach_servers;
        cd mach_servers;
        cp ../etc/mach_init .;
        cp ../tests/test_service startup;
        dd if=/dev/zero of=paging_file bs=65536 count=400;
        cd /; sync; umount /mnt</i>)
        <p>
  <li>Start the emulator with the following command:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -X -d disk.img \
            pmax_mach/special/mach.boot.MK83.STD+ANY</b>

</pre>
</ol>


<p><br>
<a name="openbsdsgiinstall"></a>
<h3>OpenBSD/sgi:</h3>

<a href="http://www.openbsd.org/sgi.html">OpenBSD/sgi</a>
can (almost) run in GXemul on an emulated O2 (SGI-IP32) with root on nfs.

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20050617-openbsd-sgi.png"><img src="20050617-openbsd-sgi_small.png"></a>

<p><font color="#ff0000">NOTE: I haven't succeeded all the way with
this yet, and this shows/triggers many bugs in the emulator, but some of
it works.</font>

<p>GXemul does not yet emulate the AHC PCI SCSI controller in the O2. (I have 
mailed Adaptec several times, asking for documentation, but never received 
any reply.) OpenBSD/sgi can still run in the emulator, as long as it doesn't
use SCSI. For a simple test with the ramdisk (install) kernel, try dowloading<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.9/sgi/">ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.9/sgi</a>/<a href="ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.9/sgi/bsd.rd">bsd.rd</a>

</pre>and run <b><tt>gxemul -xeo2 bsd.rd</tt></b>.

<p>It might also be possible to netboot. Another emulated machine must 
then be used as the nfs root server, and the emulated O2 machine must boot 
as a <a href="http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=diskless&amp;manpath=OpenBSD+Current&amp;format=html">diskless</a>
client. Performing this setup is quite time consuming, but necessary:

<p>
<ol>
  <li>First of all, the "<tt>nfs server</tt>" machine must be set up.
        This needs to have a 800 MB <tt>/tftpboot</tt> partition.
        <a href="#netbsdpmaxinstall">Install NetBSD/pmax 3.0 from CDROM</a>.
        (Don't forget to add the extra partition!)
  <p>
  <li>Configure the nfs server machine to act as an nfs server.
        Start up the emulated DECstation:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -d nbsd_pmax.img</b>
</pre>and enter the following commands as <tt>root</tt>
        inside the emulator:
<table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>echo hostname=server &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
echo ifconfig_le0=\"inet 10.0.0.2\" &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
echo nameserver 10.0.0.254 &gt;&gt; /etc/resolv.conf
echo 10.0.0.254 &gt; /etc/mygate
echo /tftpboot -maproot=root 10.0.0.1 &gt; /etc/exports
echo rpcbind=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
echo nfs_server=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
echo mountd=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
echo bootparamd=YES &gt;&gt; /etc/rc.conf
printf "client root=10.0.0.2:/tftpboot \\\n swap=10.0.0.2:/tftpboot/swap\n" &gt; /etc/bootparams
echo "10:20:30:00:00:10 client" &gt; /etc/ethers
echo 10.0.0.1 client &gt; /etc/hosts
reboot</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
  <li>Start the DECstation emulation again, and enter the following
        commands to download the OpenBSD/sgi distribution:<br>(NOTE: This
        takes quite some time, even if you have a fast network connection.)
<table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>cd /tftpboot; ftp -i ftp.se.openbsd.org</b>
(log in as anonymous...)
<b>cd pub/OpenBSD/3.9/sgi
mget b*tgz c*tgz e* g* m*
quit
sh
for a in *.tgz; do echo $a; tar zxfp $a; done
echo 10.0.0.2:/tftpboot / nfs rw 0 0 &gt; /tftpboot/etc/fstab
rm *.tgz
dd if=/dev/zero of=swap bs=1024 count=32768
halt</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
  <li>Download the OpenBSD/sgi GENERIC and RAMDISK kernels:<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.9/sgi/bsd">ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.9/sgi/bsd</a>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.9/sgi/bsd.rd">ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.9/sgi/bsd.rd</a>

</pre>
  <li>Create a configuration file called <tt>config_client</tt>:
<table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<font color="#2020cf">!  Configuration file for running OpenBSD/sgi diskless with
!  a NetBSD/pmax machine as the nfs server.
!
!  This config file is for the client.</font>

<b>    net(
        add_remote("localhost:12444")   </b>! the server<b>
        local_port(12445)               </b>! the client<b>
    )

    machine(
        name("client machine")
        serial_nr(1)

        type("sgi")
        subtype("o2")

        </b>! load("bsd")<b>
        load("bsd.rd")
    )
</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
        ... and another configuration file for the server,
        <tt>config_server</tt>:
<table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>    net(
        local_port(12444)               </b>! the server<b>
        add_remote("localhost:12445")   </b>! the client<b>
    )

    machine(
        name("nfs server")
        serial_nr(2)

        type("dec")
        subtype("5000/200")

        disk("nbsd_pmax.img")
    )
</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
  <li>Boot the "<tt>nfs server</tt>" and the OpenBSD/sgi
        "<tt>client machine</tt>" as two separate emulator instances:<pre>
        in one xterm:
        <b>gxemul @config_server</b>

        and then, in another xterm:
        <b>gxemul @config_client</b>

</pre>
  <li>In the OpenBSD/sgi window, choose "<tt>s</tt>" (for Shell), and type:
<table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>ifconfig mec0 10.0.0.1; route add default 10.0.0.254
mount -v 10.0.0.2:/tftpboot /mnt
cd /mnt/dev; ./MAKEDEV all; cd /; umount /mnt
halt</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
        You might want to log in as <tt>root</tt> on the server machine, and
        run <tt>tcpdump -lnvv</tt> or similar, to see that what the client
        machine actually does on the network. The <tt>MAKEDEV</tt> script
        takes almost forever, so be patient.
</ol>


<p><font color="#ff0000">NOTE: Everything up to this point should work. 
However, the next step (in gray) doesn't actually work:</font>

<p><font color="#888888">Once everything has been set up correctly, change
<tt>bsd.rd</tt> in <tt>config_client</tt> to just <tt>bsd</tt> (the GENERIC
kernel). It should now be possible to boot OpenBSD/sgi using the NetBSD/pmax 
nfs server. (When asked for "<tt>root device :</tt>" on the OpenBSD machine, 
enter <tt><b>mec0</b></tt>.)</font>

<p><font color="#ff0000">But it doesn't work. Probably because GXemul's
implementation of the mec (ethernet card used in the O2) is too much of
a quick hack. For now, use the <tt>bsd.rd</tt> kernel, and (at every
boot) type:</font><pre>
        <b>s</b>  (for Shell)
        <b>ifconfig mec0 10.0.0.1; route add default 10.0.0.254</b>
        <b>mount -v 10.0.0.2:/tftpboot /mnt</b>
        <b>cd /mnt; usr/sbin/chroot .</b>
        <b>sh etc/rc</b>
</pre>

<p><font color="#ff0000">This will not cause OpenBSD to be booted 
normally, but at least a few basic things will work.
By the way, the emulator performs so poorly, that you will have time to 
fetch several cups of coffee for each of the steps above.</font>


<p><br>
<a name="openbsdarcinstall"></a>
<h3>OpenBSD/arc:</h3>

It is (almost) possible to install and run OpenBSD/arc on an emulated Acer 
PICA-61 in the emulator.

<p><font color="#e00000">Earlier, I had this guest OS listed as
officially working in the emulator, but for several reasons, it has 
been moved down here to the "informative-but-not-really-working" 
section.</font>

<p>
<ul>
  <li>The last OpenBSD/arc release was 2.3. This means that it is very
        old, it would not give a fair picture of what OpenBSD is (if you
        are just looking to find out what it is like), and it is not
        worth experimenting with it. See
        <a href="http://www.openbsd.org/arc.html">http://www.openbsd.org/arc.html</a>
        for more information.
  <li>OpenBSD/arc was (if I understood things correctly) never really 
        stable, even on real hardare. Problems with too small an interrupt
        stack. Bugs are triggered in the emulator that have to do with
        issues such as this.
</ul>

<p>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="20041024-openbsd-arc-installed.gif"><img src="20041024-openbsd-arc-installed_small.gif"></a>

<p>
<font color="#e00000">Currently, I don't test for every release whether
or not OpenBSD/arc can be installed. Releases prior to 0.3.7
(but probably <i>not</i> 0.3.7) should work. Anyway, here are the 
old installation instructions:</font>

<p>To install OpenBSD/arc onto an emulated harddisk image, follow these
instructions:

<p>
<ol>
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
        that OpenBSD installs itself onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=obsd_arc.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=700000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download the entire arc directory from the ftp server: (approx. 75 MB)<pre>
        <b>wget -np -l 0 -r <a href="ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.3/arc/">ftp://ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.3/arc/</a></b>

</pre>

  <li>You now need to make an ISO image of the entire directory you downloaded.
        (I recommend using <tt>mkisofs</tt> for that purpose. If you don't
        already have <tt>mkisofs</tt> installed on your system, you need
        to install it in order to do this.)<pre>
        <b>mkisofs -o openbsd_arc_2.3.iso ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/</b>

</pre>
  <li>Start the emulator using this command line:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e pica -X -d obsd_arc.img -d b:openbsd_arc_2.3.iso -j 2.3/arc/bsd.rd</b>

</pre>
        and proceed like you would do if you were installing OpenBSD
        on a real Acer PICA-61. (Answer 'no' when asked if you want to
        configure networking, and then install from CD-ROM.)
</ol>

<p>
Once the install has finished, the following command should let you 
boot from the harddisk image:
<p>
<pre>
        <b>gxemul -X -e pica -d obsd_arc.img ftp.se.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.3/arc/bsd</b>

</pre>

The system is very sensitive to (I think) kernel stack overflow, so it 
crashes easily. If I remember correctly from mailing lists, this also 
happened on real hardware.


<p><br>
<a name="debiancats"></a>
<h3>Debian GNU/Linux for CATS:</h3>

Debian GNU/Linux for CATS (ARM) could <i>theoretically</i> run in GXemul,
however:

<ul>
  <li>The DEC 21143 NIC is not emulated well enough for Linux to accept it.
  <li>Development of Debian for CATS seems to have died? The latest
        install kernel is quite old.
</ul>

<p><font color="#ff0000">IT DOES <b>NOT</b> WORK YET!</font>

<p>The following installation instructions would theoretically work:

<p>
<ol>
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
        that Debian installs itself onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=debian_cats.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=3300000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download the tftpboot install kernel:<pre>
        <a href="http://ftp.debian.org/debian/dists/oldstable/main/disks-arm/current/cats/tftpboot.img">http://ftp.debian.org/debian/dists/oldstable/main/disks-arm/current/cats/tftpboot.img</a>

</pre>
  <li>Start the installation using the following command line:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -XEcats -d debian_cats.img tftpboot.img</b>

</pre>
</ol>

<p>It doesn't work, though, because the NIC isn't working well enough.

<p>The only use of Debian/CATS in the emulator right now is as a way to
manipulate Linux disk images, if you are on a non-Linux host. By choosing
"Execute a shell" in the installer's menu, you can have access to tools such as
fdisk and mke2fs, which are useful for creating Linux paritions on disk images.


<p><br>
<a name="netbsdnetwinderinstall"></a>
<h3>NetBSD/netwinder:</h3>

<a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/netwinder/">NetBSD/netwinder</a>
could possibly run in GXemul.
<font color="#ff0000">IT DOES <b>NOT</b> WORK YET!</font>

<p>It is tricky to install, because there is (as far as I know) no INSTALL
kernel. One way to install the NetBSD/netwinder distribution onto a disk
image is to install the files using another (emulated) machine.

<p>
The following instructions will let you install the NetBSD/netwinder
distribution onto a disk image, from an emulated DECstation 3MAX machine:

<p>
<ol>
  <li>Install NetBSD/pmax 3.0 according to instructions
        <a href="#netbsdpmaxinstall">further up on this page</a>.
  <p>
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the disk image
        that you will install NetBSD onto:<pre>
        <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_netwinder.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=999000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download the generic kernel and the 2.1 ISO image:<pre>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.1/netwinder/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-2.1/netwinder/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz</a>
        <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.1/netwindercd.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/2.1/netwindercd.iso</a>

</pre>
  <p>
  <li>Start NetBSD/pmax like this:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -e 3max -d nbsd_pmax.img -d nbsd_netwinder.img -d netwinder.iso</b>

</pre>and execute the following commands as <tt>root</tt>:
<p><table border="0"><tr><td><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td><pre>
<b>newfs /dev/sd1c
mount /dev/cd0c /mnt
mkdir /mnt2; mount /dev/sd1c /mnt2
cd /mnt2; sh
for a in /mnt/netwinder/binary/sets/*.tgz; do echo $a; tar zxfp $a; done
exit
cd dev; sh ./MAKEDEV all; cd ../etc
echo rc_configured=YES >> rc.conf
echo "/dev/wd0c / ffs rw 1 1" > fstab
cd /; umount /mnt; umount /mnt2; halt</b>
</pre></td></tr></table>
</ol>

<p>NetBSD/netwinder is now installed on the disk image. But actually 
running it does <b>not work yet</b>. Sorry.

<p>Something like the following command line would be used to start 
NetBSD, if it worked:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -E netwinder -d nbsd_netwinder.img netbsd-GENERIC.gz</b>
</pre>

<p>Note: The installation instructions above create a filesystem
<i>without</i> a disklabel, so there is only one ffs partition and no
swap. You will need to enter the following things when booting with the
generic kernel:<pre>
        root device (default wd0a): <b>wd0c</b>
        dump device (default wd0b): <b>none</b>
        file system (default generic):    <i>(just press enter)</i>
        init path (default /sbin/init):   <i>(just press enter)</i>
</pre>


<p><br>
<a name="netbsdmacppcinstall"></a>
<h3>NetBSD/macppc:</h3>

It is <font color="#ff0000"><b>ALMOST</b></font> possible to install and run
<a href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/">NetBSD/macppc</a> in GXemul
on an emulated generic PowerPC machine. No specific Machintosh model
is emulated, but it is enough to for NetBSD to recognize it.

<p>To install NetBSD/macppc onto a disk image, follow these instructions:

<p>
<ol start="1">
  <li>Create an empty harddisk image, which will be the root disk
        that you will install NetBSD/macppc onto:<pre>
    <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=nbsd_macppc.img bs=1024 count=1 seek=2000000</b>

</pre>
  <li>Download the NetBSD/macppc 3.0 ISO image and a generic kernel:<pre>
    <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0/macppccd-3.0.iso">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/iso/3.0/macppccd-3.0.iso</a>
    <a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0/macppc/binary/kernel/">ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0/macppc/binary/kernel</a>/<a href="ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-3.0/macppc/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.MP.gz">netbsd-GENERIC.MP.gz</a>

</pre>
  <p>
  <li>Start the installation like this:<pre>
    <b>gxemul -x -e g4 -d nbsd_macppc.img -d b:macppccd-3.0.iso -j macppc/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz</b>

</pre>
</ol>

<p>If everything worked, NetBSD/macppc should now be installed on the disk image.

<p><font color="#ff0000"><b>2006-02-26:</b></font> That's it. The installation
succeeds, but it is not possible to start from the newly installed disk.
/sbin/init dies, so the following command doesn't really work yet:

<p>Use the following command line to boot the emulated machine:<pre>
        <b>gxemul -x -e g4 -d nbsd_macppc.img netbsd-GENERIC.MP.gz</b>

</pre>


</p>

</body>
</html>